Особенности формирования и проблемы развития гражданского общества в современной России на материалах Центрального федерального округа

The article considers the problem of formation and development of civil society in contemporary Russia as an example of the Central Federal District. The author defines the necessary social, economic, political and cultural conditions for the successful development of civil society in our country.В статье рассматриваются особенности формирования и проблемы развития гражданского общества в современной России на примере Центрального федерального округа. Автор определяет необходимые социально-экономические и политико-культурные условия для успешного становления гражданского общества в нашей стране

Дослідження асортименту сучасних шприців ін’єкційних одноразового застосування, представлених на фармацевтичному ринку України

The assortment of disposable injection syringes presented at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine has been analyzed; it has been shown that the domestic market of disposable injection syringes has been formed by mainly foreign producers. It has been found that the leader among the importers is China, which nomenclature is 26.83 %, the USA occupies the second place by the volume of supply (14.63 %), and the third is Germany (9.76 %). When studying the third-generation syringes it has been found that only one foreign company supplies auto-disable syringes to Ukraine and it is Becton Dickinson SA (Spain). These studies demonstrate the need for the study of this market segment and consumer characteristics of the third-generation syringes.Проанализирован ассортимент одноразовых шприцев инъекционных, которые представлены на фармацевтическом рынке Украины, и установлено, что отечественный рынок одноразовых шприцев сформирован преимущественно иностранными производителями. Выявлено,что лидером среди стран импортеров является Китай, номенклатура которого составляет 26,83 %, второе место по объему поставок занимает США (14,63 %), третье – Германия (9,76 %).При изучении шприцев третьего поколения установлено, что только одна иностранная компания поставляет саморазрушающиеся шприцы в Украину – Becton Dickinson S. A. (Испания).Данные исследования свидетельствуют о необходимости изучения этого сегмента рынка и потребительских характеристик шприцев третьего поколения.Проаналізовано асортимент одноразових шприців ін’єкційних, представлених на фармацевтичному ринку України, і встановлено, що вітчизняний ринок одноразових шприців сформований переважно іноземними виробниками. Виявлено, що лідером серед країн імпортерів є Китай, номенклатура якого складає 26,83 %, друге місце за обсягами постачання посідає США (14,63 %),третє – Німеччина (9,76 %). При вивченні шприців третього покоління встановлено, що тільки одна іноземна компанія постачає саморуйнівні шприци на територію України – Becton Dickinson S. A. (Іспанія). Дані дослідження свідчать про необхідність подальшого вивчення цього сегмента ринку та споживчих характеристик шприців третього покоління

Загальний методологічний підхід до розробки сучасних піномийних засобів

As the results of the analysis of the modern Ukrainian market for personal care products show, there is a clear tendency of the increased consumer interest, in particular to detergent-based liquid hygiene products.Aim. To develop a methodological unified approach for creation of foaming agents in two pH intervals of 3.5-4.5 and 5.0-6.0.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of this research is general scientific and applied methods of research, including methods of logical, historical, physicochemical, technological and analytical analysis. The modern Ukrainian market of foam washing agents and various types of detergents for obtaining satisfactory consumer properties were analyzed.Results and discussion. A wide production range of foam washing agents of the foreign and domestic origin has been analyzed, and the active functional groups, as well as excipients and biologically active substances have been systematized. The conceptual differences in the approaches to development of parapharmaceutical cleansing agents and the tendency to use modern surfactants with the “soft” action have been revealed. It has been found that creation of uniform foaming agents in two pH intervals of 3.5-4.05 and 5.0-6.0 when applied to sensitive areas of the skin and mucous membranes determines the selection of detergents that would combine sufficient functional properties and dermatological characteristics. The analysis has shown that there is a need to develop new approaches to the use of multifunctional complexes of modern detergents.Conclusions. A methodological unified approach for creation of foam washing agents in two pH intervals of 3.5-4.05 and 5.0-6.0 has been offered. It allows facilitating development of products and their introduction into domestic production.Как свидетельствуют результаты анализа современного украинского рынка средств по уходу за личной гигиеной, сегодня наблюдается четкая тенденция роста потребительского интереса, в частности, к жидким гигиеническим средствам на основе детергентов.Цель работы – разработка методологического унифицированного подхода к созданию пеномоющих средств в двух интервалах рН (3,5-4,5) и (5,0-6,0).Материалы и методы. Методологической основой данного исследования являются общенаучные и прикладные научные методы исследования, в том числе: методы логического, исторического, физико-химического, технологического и аналитического анализа. Был проанализирован современный украинский рынок пеномоющих средств и различные типы детергентов для получения удовлетворительных потребительских свойств.Результаты и их обсуждение. Проанализирован широкий ассортиментный ряд пеномоющих средств зарубежного и отечественного производств и систематизированы активные функциональные группы, вспомогательные и биологически активные вещества. Определены концептуальные различия в подходах к разработке парафармацевтических средств очистительного действия и тенденции использования современных поверхностно-активных веществ «мягкого» действия. Установлено, что создание унифицированных пеномоющих средств в двух интервалах рН (3,5-4,5) и (5,0-6,0) при нанесении на чувствительные участки кожи и слизистые оболочки обусловливает выбор детергентов, которые бы объединяли достаточные функциональные свойства и дерматологические характеристики. Проведенный анализ показал, что есть необходимость разработки новых подходов к использованию многофункциональных комплексов современных детергентов. Выводы. Предложен методологический унифицированный подход к созданию пеномоющих средств в двух интервалах рН (3,5-4,05) и (5,0-6,0), что позволит облегчить разработку средств и их внедрение в отечественное производство.Як свідчать результати аналізу сучасного українського ринку засобів по догляду за особистою гігієною, на теперішній час спостерігається чітка тенденція до зростання споживчого інтересу, зокрема до рідких гігієнічних засобів на основі детергентів.Мета роботи – розробка методологічного уніфікованого підходу до створення піномийних засобів у двох інтервалах рН (3,5-4,5) та (5,0-6,0). Матеріали та методи. Методологічною основою даного дослідження є загальнонаукові та прикладні наукові методи дослідження, в тому числі методи логічного, історичного, фізико-хімічного, технологічного та аналітичного аналізу. Проаналізований сучасний український ринок піномийних засобів та різні типи детергентів для отримання задовільних споживчих властивостей.Результати та їх обговорення. Проаналізовано широкий асортиментний ряд піномийних засобів закордонного та вітчизняного виробництва та систематизовані активні функціональні групи, допоміжні та біологічно активні речовини. Виявлені концептуальні відмінності у підходах до розробки парафармацевтичних засобів очищувальної дії та тенденцію до використання сучасних поверхнево-активних речовин «м’якої» дії. Встановлено, що створення уніфікованих піномийних засобів у двох інтервалах рН (3,5-4,5) та (5,0-6,0) при нанесенні на чутливі ділянки шкіри та слизові оболонки зумовлює вибір детергентів, які б поєднували достатні функціональні властивості та дерматологічні характеристики. Проведений аналіз показав, що є потреба у розробці нових підходів до використання багатофункціональних комплексів сучасних детергентів.Висновки. Запропоновано методологічний уніфікований підхід щодо створення піномийних засобів у двох інтервалах рН (3,5-4,05) та (5,0-6,0), що вперше дозволить полегшити розробку засобів та їх впровадження у вітчизняне виробництво

A roadmap for the conservation of freshwater mussels in Europe

Europe has a long history of human pressure on freshwater ecosystems. As pressure continues to grow and new threats emerge, there is an urgent need for conservation of freshwater biodiversity and its ecosystem services. However, whilst some taxonomic groups, mainly vertebrates, have received a disproportionate amount of attention and funds, other groups remain largely off the public and scientific radar. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are an alarming example of this conservation bias and here we point out six conceptual areas that need immediate and long-term attention: knowledge, threats, socioeconomics, conservation, governance and education. The proposed roadmap aims to advance research, policy and education by identifying the most pressing priorities for the short- and long-term conservation of freshwater mussels across Europe.COST - European Cooperation in Science and Technology(CA18239

Freshwater mussel conservation: A global horizon scan of emerging threats and opportunities

We identified 14 emerging and poorly understood threats and opportunities for addressing the global conservation of freshwater mussels over the next decade. A panel of 17 researchers and stakeholders from six continents submitted a total of 56 topics that were ranked and prioritized using a consensus-building Delphi technique. Our 14 priority topics fell into five broad themes (autecology, population dynamics, global stressors, global diversity, and ecosystem services) and included understanding diets throughout mussel life history; identifying the drivers of population declines; defining metrics for quantifying mussel health; assessing the role of predators, parasites, and disease; informed guidance on the risks and opportunities for captive breeding and translocations; the loss of mussel-fish co-evolutionary relationships; assessing the effects of increasing surface water changes; understanding the effects of sand and aggregate mining; understanding the effects of drug pollution and other emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials; appreciating the threats and opportunities arising from river restoration; conserving understudied hotspots by building local capacity through the principles of decolonization; identifying appropriate taxonomic units for conservation; improved quantification of the ecosystem services provided by mussels; and understanding how many mussels are enough to provide these services. Solutions for addressing the topics ranged from ecological studies to technological advances and socio-political engagement. Prioritization of our topics can help to drive a proactive approach to the conservation of this declining group which provides a multitude of important ecosystem services.This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18239, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). DCA was supported by Corpus Christi College and a Dawson Fellowship at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. MLL was supported by FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (2020.03608.CEECIND). ISO was supported by a Whitten Studentship. INB was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 21-17-00126). YVB was supported by RSF project no. 21-14-00092. KD was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (19-05510 S). TZ was supported by statutory funds of IOP PAN. MK was supported by funding through the Australian National Environmental Science Program. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission

Regional impacts of warming on biodiversity and biomass in high latitude stream ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere

Warming can have profound impacts on ecological communities. However, explorations of how differences in biogeography and productivity might reshape the effect of warming have been limited to theoretical or proxy-based approaches: for instance, studies of latitudinal temperature gradients are often conflated with other drivers (e.g., species richness). Here, we overcome these limitations by using local geothermal temperature gradients across multiple high-latitude stream ecosystems. Each suite of streams (6-11 warmed by 1-15°C above ambient) is set within one of five regions (37 streams total); because the heating comes from the bedrock and is not confounded by changes in chemistry, we can isolate the effect of temperature. We found a negative overall relationship between diatom and invertebrate species richness and temperature, but the strength of the relationship varied regionally, declining more strongly in regions with low terrestrial productivity. Total invertebrate biomass increased with temperature in all regions. The latter pattern combined with the former suggests that the increased biomass of tolerant species might compensate for the loss of sensitive species. Our results show that the impact of warming can be dependent on regional conditions, demonstrating that local variation should be included in future climate projections rather than simply assuming universal relationships

An example of a possible leech-bryozoan association in freshwater

Associations of various invertebrate species with bryozoans and sponges are a well-known marine phenomenon but such epizooic communities are far less diverse in freshwater environments. Here an occurrence of numerous leeches Alboglossiphonia cf. papillosa (Braun, 1805), in interstitial spaces between zooids of a colony of the freshwater bryozoan species Plumatella aff. fungosa (Pallas, 1768) in Eastern Siberia is described. To the best of our knowledge, this record appears to be the first known example of a leech-bryozoan association, although such relationships deserve further research

The role of anthropogenic habitats in freshwater mussel conservation

Anthropogenic freshwater habitats may provide undervalued prospects for long-term conservation as part of species conservation planning. This fundamental, but overlooked, issue requires attention considering the pace that humans have been altering natural freshwater ecosystems and the accelerated levels of biodiversity decline in recent decades. We compiled 709 records of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) inhabiting a broad variety of anthropogenic habitat types (from small ponds to large reservoirs and canals) and reviewed their importance as refuges for this faunal group. Most records came from Europe and North America, with a clear dominance of canals and reservoirs. The dataset covered 228 species, including 34 threatened species on the IUCN Red List. We discuss the conservation importance and provide guidance on how these anthropogenic habitats could be managed to provide optimal conservation value to freshwater mussels. This review also shows that some of these habitats may function as ecological traps owing to conflicting management practices or because they act as a sink for some populations. Therefore, anthropogenic habitats should not be seen as a panacea to resolve conservation problems. More information is necessary to better understand the trade-offs between human use and the conservation of freshwater mussels (and other biota) within anthropogenic habitats, given the low number of quantitative studies and the strong biogeographic knowledge bias that persists.This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18239, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). A.M.L. was financed by the Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University (N18/DBS/000003) and K.N. by the Aragón Government. The authors acknowledge Jarosław Andrzejewski, Bartosz Czader, Anna Fica, Marcin Horbacz, Tomasz Jonderko, Steinar Kålås, Tomasz Kapela, Bjørn Mejdell Larsen, Maciej Pabijan, Katarzyna Pawlik, Ilona Popławska, Joanna Przybylska, Tomasz Przybył, Mateusz Rybak, Kjell Sandaas, Jarosław Słowikowski, Tomasz Szczasny, Michał Zawadzki and Paweł Zowada for providing detailed information on specific examples concerning freshwater mussels in anthropogenic habitats. We thank the editor and two anonymous referees for the valuable suggestions made, which increased the clarity of our manuscript.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Research priorities for freshwater mussel conservation assessment

Freshwater mussels are declining globally, and effective conservation requires prioritizing research and actions to identify and mitigate threats impacting mussel species. Conservation priorities vary widely, ranging from preventing imminent extinction to maintaining abundant populations. Here, we develop a portfolio of priority research topics for freshwater mussel conservation assessment. To address these topics, we group research priorities into two categories: intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are indicators of organismal or population status, while extrinsic factors encompass environmental variables and threats. An understanding of intrinsic factors is useful in monitoring, and of extrinsic factors are important to understand ongoing and potential impacts on conservation status. This dual approach can guide conservation status assessments prior to the establishment of priority species and implementation of conservation management actions.NF-R was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship (Xunta de Galicia Plan I2C 2017-2020, 09.40.561B.444.0) from the government of the autonomous community of Galicia. BY was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (no. 0409-2016-0022). DLS was supported by the G. E. Hutchinson Chair at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. AO was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (no. 17-44-290016). SV was funded by European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI- Operacional Competitiveness and Internacionalization Programme, under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013. NF-R is very grateful to the University of Oklahoma Biological Survey for providing space to work in the U.S. and especially to Vaughn Lab members. Authors are very grateful to Akimasa Hattori, Allan K. Smith, Andrew Roberts, Daniel Graf, David Stagliano, David T. Zanatta, Dirk Van Damme, Ekaterina Konopleva, Emilie Blevins, Ethan Nedeau, Frankie Thielen, Gregory Cope, Heinrich Vicentini, Hugh Jones, Htilya Sereflisan, Ilya Vikhrev, John Pfeiffer, Karen Mock, Mary Seddon, Katharina Stockl, Katarzyna Zajac, Kengo Ito, Marie Capoulade, Marko Kangas, Michael Lange, Mike Davis, Pirkko-Liisa Luhta, Sarina Jepsen, Somsak Panha, Stephen McMurray, G. Thomas Watters, Wendell R. Haag, and Yoko Inui for their valuable contribution in the initial selection and description of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We also wish to thank Dr. Amanda Bates, Chase Smith, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

Conservation of freshwater bivalves at the global scale: diversity, threats and research needs

Bivalves are ubiquitous members of freshwater ecosystems and responsible for important functions and services. The present paper revises freshwater bivalve diversity, conservation status and threats at the global scale and discusses future research needs and management actions. The diversity patterns are uneven across the globe with hotspots in the interior basin in the United States of America (USA), Central America, Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Freshwater bivalves are affected by multiple threats that vary across the globe; however, pollution and natural system (habitat) modifications being consistently found as the most impacting. Freshwater bivalves are among the most threatened groups in the world with 40% of the species being near threatened, threatened or extinct, and among them the order Unionida is the most endangered. We suggest that global cooperation between scientists, managers, politicians and general public, and application of new technologies (new generation sequencing and remote sensing, among others) will strengthen the quality of studies on the natural history and conservation of freshwater bivalves. Finally, we introduce the articles published in this special issue of Hydrobiologia under the scope of the Second International Meeting on Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Bivalves held in 2015 in Buffalo, New York, USA.This work was supported by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, Project 3599—Promote the Scientific Production and Technological Development and Thematic 3599-PPCDT by FEDER as part of the project FRESHCO: multiple implications of invasive species on Freshwater Mussel co-extinction processes (Contract: PTDC/AGRFOR/1627/2014). FCT also supported MLL under Grant (SFRH/BD/115728/2016)