35 research outputs found

    Comparing the economic value of virtual water with volumetric and stress-weighted approaches : a case for the tea supply chain

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    In this paper, we employ a new approach to assessing the impact and efficiency of virtual water use along the supply chain. This approach involves estimating the economic value of virtual water flows. A realistic tea supply chain case study is presented to test this new approach and compare it with alternative volumetric and stress-weighted methods. The case study is used to highlight the total value of the blue and grey water used to produce one tonne of tea as a finished good (224).Thecasestudyalsoillustrateshowvariationsintherelativeunitvalueofwaterbetweengeographies,inthiscasebetweenmultiplelocationswherecropsarecultivated(India224). The case study also illustrates how variations in the relative unit value of water between geographies, in this case between multiple locations where crops are cultivated (India 0.08 m3, Indonesia 0.09m3andKenya0.09 m3 and Kenya 0.27 m3), can be used to inform supply chain optimisation and allocative efficiency. Indeed, the case study suggests that taking into account the economic value of virtual water may provide differing prescriptions for the sustainable management of supply chains when compared to the traditional volumetric water footprint, and the stress-weighted water footprint used in LCA

    Marrying unmarried literatures: The water footprint and environmental (economic) valuation

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    In this commentary, we set out the rationale for bringing together two research fields: Water Footprint Assessment and environmental (economic) valuation, which have evolved separately. This has the potential to inform the efficient allocation of virtual water flows at a global scale. It would also address some of the aims and objectives in the Water Footprint Assessment Manual regarding the assessment of environmental impacts and their sustainability, which thus far have not been covered in the literature. We also indicate how established practice in the environmental valuation community would need to develop to facilitate productive exchange between the two fields. Finally, we outline the key developments in the non-peer reviewed grey literature that signal the merit of such an exchange

    Shifting from volume to economic value in virtual water allocation problems : a proposed new framework and methodology

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    Purpose: The water footprint provided a full methodology to operationalise the virtual water concept (the volume of water used along a supply chain to produce products and services). A key theme in the water footprint literature is the efficient allocation of water resources at the global scale given the feasibility of trading water intensive commodities from water rich to water poor areas: this is an economic problem of resource allocation between alternative and competing demands, albeit with a novel international component. Moreover, given that price signals indicating relative scarcity are usually either absent or distorted for water, it is also a problem that can be seen through the lens of environmental (or non-market) valuation. However, to date environmental valuation has not been used to inform the efficient use and allocation of water within and between the different locations encompassed by international supply chains. Methods: Drawing on an agri-food supply chain framework which we propose in this paper, we begin by conceptualising the economic values that accrue to water consumption (blue and green water) and degradation (grey water) at different points along a supply chain. Based on this conceptualisation, we assess the extent to which it is possible to approximate these economic values by relying on existing secondary data on the shadow value of water in different contexts. The use of secondary data in this way is known as benefit (or value) transfer. To achieve this, 706 unit estimates of the economic value of water are collected, standardised and reviewed encompassing off-stream water applications (agriculture, industry and municipal) and in-stream ecosystem services (waste assimilation, wildlife habitat, recreation, hydrological functions and passive uses). From this, a proposed methodology for valuing virtual water is presented and illustrated using the case study of global durum wheat pasta production. Results: The case study shows the total value of the virtual water used to produce one tonne of durum wheat pasta (212).Moreimportantly,thecasestudyalsohighlightshowvariationsineconomicvaluebetweenmultiplelocationswheredurumwheatiscultivated(Saskatchewan212). More importantly, the case study also highlights how variations in economic value between multiple locations where durum wheat is cultivated (Saskatchewan 0.10 m3, Arizona 0.08m3andBajaCalifornia0.08 m3 and Baja California 0.24 m3) indicate relative water scarcity and thus impact, as well as the potential for a more efficient allocation of virtual water. Conclusions: The main conclusion from this research is that when geographical disparities in the economic value of water use within a supply chain are accounted for, what was perhaps considered sustainable in volume terms, might not, in fact, represent the optimal allocation. However, future research opportunities highlight the need for additional data collection on the economic value of water in several contexts. This additional data would help the environmental valuation community to undertake a more comprehensive and robust approach to virtual water valuation. This paper is accompanied by the Data in Brief article entitled “Dataset on the in-stream and off-stream economic value of water.

    Measurement of prompt D0^{0} and D‟\overline{D}0^{0} meson azimuthal anisotropy and search for strong electric fields in PbPb collisions at root SNN\sqrt{S_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV

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    The strong Coulomb field created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is expected to produce a rapiditydependent difference (Av2) in the second Fourier coefficient of the azimuthal distribution (elliptic flow, v2) between D0 (uc) and D0 (uc) mesons. Motivated by the search for evidence of this field, the CMS detector at the LHC is used to perform the first measurement of Av2. The rapidity-averaged value is found to be (Av2) = 0.001 ? 0.001 (stat)? 0.003 (syst) in PbPb collisions at ?sNN = 5.02 TeV. In addition, the influence of the collision geometry is explored by measuring the D0 and D0mesons v2 and triangular flow coefficient (v3) as functions of rapidity, transverse momentum (pT), and event centrality (a measure of the overlap of the two Pb nuclei). A clear centrality dependence of prompt D0 meson v2 values is observed, while the v3 is largely independent of centrality. These trends are consistent with expectations of flow driven by the initial-state geometry. ? 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY licens

    Measurement of the CP-violating phase ϕs_{s} in the B0^{0}s_{s}→J/ψ φ(1020) →ΌâșΌ⁻KâșK⁻ channel in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

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    Observation of electroweak production of Wγ with two jets in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

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    A first observation is presented for the electroweak production of a W boson, a photon, and two jets in proton-proton collisions. The W boson decays are selected by requiring one identified electron or muon and an imbalance in transverse momentum. The two jets are required to have a high dijet mass and a large separation in pseudorapidity. The measurement is based on data collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1^{-1}. The observed (expected) significance for this process is 4.9 (4.6) standard deviations. After combining with previously reported CMS results at 8 TeV, the observed (expected) significance is 5.3 (4.8) standard deviations. The cross section for the electroweak Wγjj_{γjj} production in a restricted fiducial region is measured as 20.4 +/- 4.5 fb and the total cross section for Wγ_{γ} production in association with 2 jets in the same fiducial region is 108 +/- 16 fb. All results are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. Constraints are placed on anomalous quartic gauge couplings in terms of dimension-8 effective field theory operators

    Sq and EEJ—A Review on the Daily Variation of the Geomagnetic Field Caused by Ionospheric Dynamo Currents

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    Measurements of production cross sections of polarized same-sign W boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV

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    The first measurements of production cross sections of polarized same-sign W±W±boson pairs in proton-proton collisions are reported. The measurements are based on a data sample collected with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137fb−1. Events are selected by requiring exactly two same-sign leptons, electrons or muons, moderate missing transverse momentum, and two jets with a large rapidity separation and a large dijet mass to enhance the contribution of same-sign W±W±scattering events. An observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.17 (0.88)fbis set on the production cross section for longitudinally polarized same-sign W±W±boson pairs. The electroweak production of same-sign W±W±boson pairs with at least one of the Wbosons longitudinally polarized is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.3 (3.1) standard deviations.SCOAP

    Engineering Structural And Magnetic Properties Of Mgo.95mn O.o5fe2o4 Thin Films Using 200 Mev Au Ions

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    Pulsed laser deposited thin films of Mgo.95Mn o.05Fe2O4 ferrite were irradiated by 200 MeV Au14+ with a maximum dose up to 1 × 1012 ions/cm2. The as-deposited and irradiated thin films are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and dc magnetization measurements. XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements reflect the cubic spinel structure of films before and after irradiation. FESEM measurements demonstrate that films are composed of nano rods and nanocrystalline grains. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements reveal that all the films have ferrimagnetic ordering at room temperature with enhancement in the coercive field and remnant magnetization due to irradiation. © 2009 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.1171365685688Brabers, V.A.M., (1995) Handbook of Magnetic Materials, 8. , Ed. by K. H. J. Buschow, Elsevier, AmsterdamBhargava, S.C., Zeman, N., (1980) Phys. Rev. B, 21, p. 1717Muralidharan, K., Srivastava, J.K., Moratha, V.R., Vijayaraghavan, R.J., (1985) Phys. C, 18, p. 5897Brand, R.A., Lauer, J., Herlach, D.M., (1984) J. Phys, F14Dormann, J.L., Nogues, M., (1990) J. Phys. Condense Matter, 2, p. 1223Dormann, J.L., Harfaouni, M.E.I., Nogues, M., Love, J., (1987) J. Phys. C, 20, pp. L161Thompson, M.W., (1969) Defects and Radiation Damage in Metals, , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeNeumeier, J.J., Hundley, M.F., Thompson, J.D., Heffner, R.H., (1995) Phys. Rev. B, 52, pp. R7006Ogale, A.S., Shinde, S.R., Kulkarni, V.N., Higgins, J., Choudhary, R.J., Kundaliya, D.C., Polleto, T., Venkatesan, T., (2004) Phys. Rev. B, 69, p. 235101S. B. Ogale, K. Ghosh, J. Y. Gu, R. Shreekala, S. R. Shinde, M. Downes, M. Rajeswari, R. P. Sharma, R. L. Green, TVenkatesan, Ramesh, R., Bathe, R., Patil, S.I., Kumar, R., Arora, S.K., Mehta, G.K., (1988) J. Appl. Phys, 84, p. 6255Sharma, S.K., Kumar, R., Kuma, V.V.S., Knobel, M., Reddy, V.R., Gupta, A., Singh, M., (2006) Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 248, pp. 37-11S. Kumar, S. K. Sharma, R. J. Alimuddin, D. M. Choudhary, Phase and R. Kumar, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 266, 1741-1748 (2008)Studer, F., Toulmonde, M., (1992) Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B, 65, p. 560Houpert, C., Studer, F., Groult, D., Toulmonde, M., (1989) Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, , 39, 720Y723R. Kumar, S. B. Samantra, S. K. Arora, A. Gupta, D. Kanjilal, R. Pinto and A. V. Narlikar, Solid State Commun., 106[12], 805Y810 (1998)Kumar, R., Arora, S.K., Kanjilal, D., Mehta, G.K., Bache, R., Date, S.K., Shinde, S.R., Patil, S.I., (1999) Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids, 147, p. 187Komine, T., Mitsui, Y., Shiikj, K., (1995) J. Appl. Phys, 78 (12), p. 7220Turilli, G., Baooluzi, A., Lutennti, M., Tareti, L., (1992) J. Magn. Magn. Mater, 104-107, p. 114

    Structural And Magnetic Properties Of Bulk And Thin Films Of Mg0.95mn0.05fe2o4

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    We present here a comparative study on structural and magnetic properties of bulk and thin films of Mg0.95Mn0.05Fe2O4 ferrite deposited on two different substrates using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dc magnetization measurements. XRD pattern indicates that the bulk sample and their thin films exhibit a polycrystalline single phase cubic spinel structure. It is found that the film deposited on indium tin oxide coated glass (ITO) substrate has smaller grain size than the film deposited on platinum coated silicon (Pt-Si) substrate. Study of magnetization hysteresis loop measurements infer that the bulk sample of Mg0.95Mn0.05Fe2O4 and its thin film deposited on Pt-Si substrate shows a well-defined hysteresis loop at room temperature, which reflects its ferrimagnetic behavior. However, the film deposited on ITO does not show any hysteresis, which reflects its superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.9510091013Alvarado, S.F., (1979) J. Phys. B, 33, p. 51Shinjo, T., Kiyama, M., Sugita, N., Watanabe, K., Takada, T., (1983) J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 35, p. 33Nakano, M., Akase, M., Fukunaga, H., Matsuo, Y., Yabukami, S., Yamaguchi, M., Arai, K.I., (2002) J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 242-245, pp. 57-159Nakano, M., Tomohara, K., Song, J.M., Fukunaga, H., Matsuo, Y., (1999) IEEE Trans. Magn., 35 (5), p. 3007Nakano, M., Tomohara, K., Song, J.M., Fukunaga, H., Matsuo, Y., (2000) J. Appl. Phys., 87 (9), p. 6217Nakano, M., Tomohara, K., Song, J.M., Fukunaga, H., Matsuo, Y., (2000) IEEE Trans. Magn., 36 (5), p. 2927Canale, L., Girault, C., Bessaudou, A., Celerier, A., Cosset, F., Decossas, J.L., Vareille, J.C., (2000) Appl. Surf. Sci., 154-155, pp. 444-448Caltun, O.F., (2004) J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 6 (3), p. 935Williams, C.M., Abe, M., Itoh, T., Lubitz, P., (1994) IEEE Trans. Magn., 30 (6), p. 4896Samarasekara, P., rani, R., Cadieu, F.J., Shaheen, S.A., (1996) J. Appl. Phys., 79, p. 8Papian, W.N., (1995) Proceeding of Metal Powder Association London, 2, p. 183Heck, C., (1974) Magnetic Materials and their Applications, , Butterworth, LondonKumar, S., Alimuddin, Kumar, R., Dogra, A., Reddy, V.R., Banerjee, A., (2006) J. Appl. Phys., 99, pp. 08M910Dong, C., (1999) J. Appl. Cryst., 32, p. 838Dash, J., Prasad, S., Venkataramani, N., Krishnan, P., Kumar, N., Kulkarani, S.D., Date, S.K., (1999) J. Appl. Phys., 86 (6), p. 3303Cullity, B.D., (1957) Elements of X-ray Diffraction, , Addision-Wesley, London p. 261Desai, M., Dash, J., Samajdar, I., Venkataramani, N., Prasad, S., Krishan, P., Kumar, N., (2001) J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 231, p. 08Stichauer, L., Gavoille, Z., Simsa, G., (1996) J. Appl. Phys., 79, p. 3645Lisfi, A., Guyot, M., Krishnan, R., Porte, M., Rougier, P., Cagan, V., (1996) J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 157-158, p. 258Kittel, C., (1946) Phys. Rev., 70, p. 965Kittel, C., (1948) Phys. Rev., 73, p. 810Cullity, B.D., (1972) Introduction to Magnetic Materials, , Addision-Wesley, New York p 386Kumar, V., Rana, A., Yadav, M.S., Pant, R.P., (2008) J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 320, p. 1729Sorescu, M., Diamandesca, Swaminathan, R., Mchenry, M.E., Fedar, M., (2005) J. Appl. Phys., 97, pp. 10G105Choi, H.S., Kim, M.H., Kim, H.J., (1994) J. Mater. Res., 9, p. 242
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