Analisis Pola Konsumsi Keluarga Buruh Tani Singkong dan Buruh Penyadap Karet

The aims of the study were to analyze and describe the consumption pattern of the families belonging to cassava and rubber laborers in in Sawojajar village. This research used comparative descriptive method. The data analysis employed was descriptive statistic. The findings revealed that (1) The total income of both workers is under Lampung UMP, the families of cassava laborers and families of rubber laborers; (2) Food and non-food consumption of the rubber laborers families were more fulfilled than food consumption of the cassava laborers families; (3) The welfare rate of rubber laborers workers is higher than that of cassava laborers because the percentage of food consumption is smaller than the total expenditure.Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan menggambarkan pola konsumsi keluarga buruh tani singkong dan buruh penyadap karet di Desa Sawojajar. Metode penelitian yaitu metode deskriptif komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Pendapatan total kedua buruh berada dibawah UMP Lampung, baik keluarga buruh tani singkong maupun keluarga buruh penyadap karet; (2) Konsumsi makanan dan nonmakanan keluarga buruh penyadap karet lebih terpenuhi dibandingkan keluarga buruh tani singkong; (3) Tingkat kesejahteraan keluarga buruh penyadap karet lebih tinggi dibandingkan buruh tani singkong dikarenakan persentase konsumsi makanan lebih kecil daripada total pengeluaran

Comparison of Niskin vs. in situ approaches for analysis of gene expression in deep Mediterranean Sea water samples

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 129 (2016): 213-222, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.020.Obtaining an accurate picture of microbial processes occurring in situ is essential for our understanding of marine biogeochemical cycles of global importance. Water samples are typically collected at depth and returned to the sea surface for processing and downstream experiments. Metatranscriptome analysis is one powerful approach for investigating metabolic activities of microorganisms in their habitat and which can be informative for determining responses of microbiota to disturbances such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. For studies of microbial processes occurring in the deep sea, however, sample handling, pressure, and other changes during sample recovery can subject microorganisms to physiological changes that alter the expression profile of labile messenger RNA. Here we report a comparison of gene expression profiles for whole microbial communities in a bathypelagic water column sample collected in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea using Niskin bottle sample collection and a new water column sampler for studies of marine microbial ecology, the Microbial Sampler – In Situ Incubation Device (MS-SID). For some taxa, gene expression profiles from samples collected and preserved 33 in situ were significantly different from potentially more stressful Niskin sampling and 34 preservation on deck. Some categories of transcribed genes also appear to be affected by sample 35 handling more than others. This suggests that for future studies of marine microbial ecology, 36 particularly targeting deep sea samples, an in situ sample collection and preservation approach 37 should be considered.This research was funded by NSF OCE-1061774 to VE and CT, NSF DBI-0424599 to CT and NSF OCE-0849578 to VE and colleague J. Bernhard. Cruise participation was partially supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant STO414/10-1 to T. Stoeck

Biological anthropology in the Indo-Pacific Region: New approaches to age-old questions

Biological anthropological research, the study of both modern and past humans, is a burgeoning field in the Indo-Pacific region. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the unique environments of the Indo-Pacific have resulted in an archaeological record that does not necessarily align with those in the northern hemisphere. New, regionally-specific archaeological models are being developed, and biological anthropological research has an important role to play in establishing past human experience within these models. In the Indo-Pacific, research using ancient and modern human tissues is adding insight into global processes of prehistoric settlement and migrations, subsistence change and human biosocial adaptation. This review synthesises current themes in biological anthropology in this region. It highlights the diverse methods and approaches used by biological anthropologists to address globally-relevant archaeological questions. In recent decades a collaborative approach between archaeologists, biological anthropologists and local communities has become the norm in the region. The many positive outcomes of this multi-disciplinary approach are highlighted here through the use of regionally-specific case studies. This review ultimately aims to stimulate further collaborations between archaeologists, biological anthropologists and the communities in the region, and demonstrate how the evidence from Indo-Pacific research may be relevant to global archaeological models

Models and metaphors: complexity theory and through-life management in the built environment

Complexity thinking may have both modelling and metaphorical applications in the through-life management of the built environment. These two distinct approaches are examined and compared. In the first instance, some of the sources of complexity in the design, construction and maintenance of the built environment are identified. The metaphorical use of complexity in management thinking and its application in the built environment are briefly examined. This is followed by an exploration of modelling techniques relevant to built environment concerns. Non-linear and complex mathematical techniques such as fuzzy logic, cellular automata and attractors, may be applicable to their analysis. Existing software tools are identified and examples of successful built environment applications of complexity modelling are given. Some issues that arise include the definition of phenomena in a mathematically usable way, the functionality of available software and the possibility of going beyond representational modelling. Further questions arising from the application of complexity thinking are discussed, including the possibilities for confusion that arise from the use of metaphor. The metaphor of a 'commentary machine' is suggested as a possible way forward and it is suggested that an appropriate linguistic analysis can in certain situations reduce perceived complexity

Measurement of the temperature-dependent speed of sound and change in Gruneisen parameter of tissue-mimicking materials

Knowledge of the temperature dependence of the material properties of tissue-mimicking materials is useful or essential for many applications. This includes photoacoustic thermometry where the temperature dependence of the Grüneisen parameter of tissues leads to changes in the recorded photoacoustic signal amplitude with temperature. Here, a setup is described that can measure the temperature dependence of the speed of sound and photoacoustic conversion efficiency (μ a Γ) of tissue-mimicking materials. Agar-based phantoms, copolymer-in-oil, gel wax, PVCP, silicone and water were characterised in the newly developed setup for temperatures between 22°C and 50°C. This information provides a valuable resource for material characterisation and future development of tissue-mimicking materials

A Paul Trap with Sectored Ring Electrodes for Experiments with Two-Dimensional Ion Crystals

We have developed an trapped ion system for producing two-dimensional (2D) ion crystals for applications in scalable quantum computing, quantum simulations, and 2D crystal phase transition and defect studies. The trap is a modification of a Paul trap with its ring electrode flattened and split into eight identical sectors, and its two endcap electrodes shaped as truncated hollow cones for laser and imaging optics access. All ten trap electrodes can be independently DC-biased to create various aspect ratio trap geometries. We trap and Doppler cool 2D crystals of up to 30 Ba+ ions and demonstrate the tunability of the trapping potential both in the plane of the crystal and in the transverse direction.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. To be published in Review of Scientific Instrument

Dynamical Monodromy

Integrable Hamiltonian systems are said to display nontrivial monodromy if fundamental action-angle loops defined on phase-space tori change their topological structure when the system is carried around a circuit. In an earlier paper it was shown that this topological change can occur as a result of time evolution under certain rather abstract flows in phase space. In the present paper, we show that the same topological change can occur as a result of application of ordinary forces. We also show how this dynamical phenomenon could be observed experimentally in classical or in quantum systems

A systematic review of studies measuring and reporting hearing aid usage in older adults since 1999: a descriptive summary of measurement tools

Objective: A systematic review was conducted to identify and quality assess how studies published since 1999 have measured and reported the usage of hearing aids in older adults. The relationship between usage and other dimensions of hearing aid outcome, age and hearing loss are summarised. Data sources: Articles were identified through systematic searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, The University of Nottingham Online Catalogue, Web of Science and through reference checking. Study eligibility criteria: (1) participants aged fifty years or over with sensori-neural hearing loss, (2) provision of an air conduction hearing aid, (3) inclusion of hearing aid usage measure(s) and (4) published between 1999 and 2011. Results: Of the initial 1933 papers obtained from the searches, a total of 64 were found eligible for review and were quality assessed on six dimensions: study design, choice of outcome instruments, level of reporting (usage, age, and audiometry) and cross validation of usage measures. Five papers were rated as being of high quality (scoring 10–12), 35 papers were rated as being of moderate quality (scoring 7–9), 22 as low quality (scoring 4–6) and two as very low quality (scoring 0–2). Fifteen different methods were identified for assessing the usage of hearing aids. Conclusions: Generally, the usage data reviewed was not well specified. There was a lack of consistency and robustness in the way that usage of hearing aids was assessed and categorised. There is a need for more standardised level of reporting of hearing aid usage data to further understand the relationship between usage and hearing aid outcomes