First AGILE Catalog of High Confidence Gamma-Ray Sources

We present the first catalog of high-confidence gamma-ray sources detected by the AGILE satellite during observations performed from July 9, 2007 to June 30, 2008. Catalogued sources are detected by merging all the available data over the entire time period. AGILE, launched in April 2007, is an ASI mission devoted to gamma-ray observations in the 30 MeV - 50 GeV energy range, with simultaneous X-ray imaging capability in the 18-60 keV band. This catalog is based on Gamma-Ray Imaging Detector (GRID) data for energies greater than 100 MeV. For the first AGILE catalog we adopted a conservative analysis, with a high-quality event filter optimized to select gamma-ray events within the central zone of the instrument Field of View (radius of 40 degrees). This is a significance-limited (4 sigma) catalog, and it is not a complete flux-limited sample due to the non-uniform first year AGILE sky coverage. The catalog includes 47 sources, 21 of which are associated with confirmed or candidate pulsars, 13 with Blazars (7 FSRQ, 4 BL Lacs, 2 unknown type), 2 with HMXRBs, 2 with SNRs, 1 with a colliding-wind binary system, 8 with unidentified sources.Comment: Revised version, 15 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables. To be published in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Text improved and clarified. Refined analysis of complex regions of the Galactic plane yields a new list of high-confidence sources including 47 sources (compared with the 40 sources appearing in the first version

L'Italia come modello per l'Europa e per il mondo nelle politiche sanitarie per il trattamento dell'epatite cronica da HCV

The World Health Organization foresees the elimination of HCV infection by 2030. In light of this and the curre nt, nearly worldwide, restriction in direct-acting agents (DAA) accessibility due to their high price, we aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two alternative DAA treatment policies: Policy 1 (universal): treat all patients, regardless of the fibrosis stage; Policy 2 (prioritized): treat only priori tized patients and delay treatment of the remaining patients until reaching stage F3. T he model was based on patient’s data from the PITER cohort. We demonstrated that extending HC V treatment of patients in any fibrosis stage improves health outcomes and is cost-effective

Economic consequences of investing in anti-HCV antiviral treatment from the Italian NHS perspective : a real-world-based analysis of PITER data

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the cost consequence of Italian National Health System (NHS) investment in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy according to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment access policies in Italy. METHODS: A multistate, 20-year time horizon Markov model of HCV liver disease progression was developed. Fibrosis stage, age and genotype distributions were derived from the Italian Platform for the Study of Viral Hepatitis Therapies (PITER) cohort. The treatment efficacy, disease progression probabilities and direct costs in each health state were obtained from the literature. The break-even point in time (BPT) was defined as the period of time required for the cumulative costs saved to recover the Italian NHS investment in DAA treatment. Three different PITER enrolment periods, which covered the full DAA access evolution in Italy, were considered. RESULTS: The disease stages of 2657 patients who consecutively underwent DAA therapy from January 2015 to December 2017 at 30 PITER clinical centres were standardized for 1000 patients. The investment in DAAs was considered to equal €25 million, €15 million, and €9 million in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. For patients treated in 2015, the BPT was not achieved, because of the disease severity of the treated patients and high DAA prices. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated BPTs were 6.6 and 6.2 years, respectively. The total cost savings after 20 years were €50.13 and €55.50 million for 1000 patients treated in 2016 and 2017, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study may be a useful tool for public decision makers to understand how HCV clinical and epidemiological profiles influence the economic burden of HCV

Evaluation of immunological parameters in farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., before and during outbreaks of 'winter syndrome'

In recent years, 'winter syndrome' has caused severe economic losses in many marine farms in southern Europe. This study compared the activity of the immune system in healthy, asymptomatic and diseased gilthead sea bream. Serum protein and immunoglobulin content were evaluated as well as serum complement activity from these groups of fish. Differential leucocyte counts were also determined. Immunological assays were performed to determine intra- and extracellular 'respiratory burst' activity as non-specific immune response parameters. Diseased fish showed a significant reduction in haemolytic activity (90%), and in serum proteins and immunoglobulins in comparison with the other groups. A significant increase in the lymphocyte percentage (50%) and a decrease in the granulocyte percentage (over 70%) was found in asymptomatic fish. Respiratory burst activity was reduced in both the clinical and preclinical stages of the disease, compared with the controls. These observations confirm a severe immunodeficiency in diseased fish but also the presence of a cellular immune dysfunction in fish without clinical signs, before the onset of the disease

Protective role and in vitro activity of fractions extracted from Lactococcus garvieae, the lactococcosis agent in rainbow trout (O. mykiss)

Effective protocols of vaccination against lactococcosis in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) are still under investigation and the methods currently employed are based on \u201cautovaccines\u201d that are injected intraperitoneally to fish (Bercovier et al., 1997; Prearo, 2006). These vaccines allow a protection for 8 months, when integrated with adjuvants (Ravelo et al, 2006). The bacterial antigenic components involved in the protection are only partially considered by the literature. This investigation evaluated the effect of some fractions of L. garvieae (strain B05/3) in the development of a protective immune response to the infection. Extra cellular products (ECPs), bacterial whole cells (WCs) and membrane antigens (MAs) were injected intraperitoneum to 90g rainbow trouts. Fish were subsequently submitted to an intraperitoneal challenge with L. garvieae (2.6 7105 cfu/individual). The relative percentages of survival (RPS) were 95% for WCs, 35% for ECPs and 33% for MAs. These results suggest that WCs provided the best protection, but also ECPs and MAs were effective. Samples of serum collected from immunized and control fish were analysed by immunoblotting against the SDS-PAGE/Western Blotting protein profile of each bacterial fraction. The control and immunized fish sera contained immunoglobulins able to bind aspecifically the proteins having a molecular weight of 23, 48 and 102 kDa respectively. Similar findings were previously reported by Barnes et al., 2002. Moreover the respiratory burst of leukocytes isolated from rainbow trout head kidney was measured by a luminol-based microtitre plate chemiluminescence assay after stimulation with the L. garvieae extracts. The tests were performed using 20 healthy non-immunized fish, by incubating the cells and the stimulants in presence and absence of autologous serum. Preliminary results suggest an evident individual variability in the response and that the release of reactive oxygen species is strongly affected by the serum addiction. This indicates an important role of antibodies and complement in promoting the leukocyte response to different antigens (Barnes et al., 2002). The specific stimulation ability of each fraction (WC, ECPs, MA) will be discussed