468 research outputs found
Anisotropy in Homogeneous Rotating Turbulence
The effective stress tensor of a homogeneous turbulent rotating fluid is
anisotropic. This leads us to consider the most general axisymmetric four-rank
``viscosity tensor'' for a Newtonian fluid and the new terms in the turbulent
effective force on large scales that arise from it, in addition to the
microscopic viscous force. Some of these terms involve couplings to vorticity
and others are angular momentum non conserving (in the rotating frame).
Furthermore, we explore the constraints on the response function and the
two-point velocity correlation due to axisymmetry. Finally, we compare our
viscosity tensor with other four-rank tensors defined in current approaches to
non-rotating anisotropic turbulence.Comment: 14 pages, RevTe
Quasi-static magnetohydrodynamic turbulence at high Reynolds number
We analyse the anisotropy of homogeneous turbulence in an electrically
conducting fluid submitted to a uniform magnetic field, for low magnetic
Reynolds number, in the quasi- static approximation. We interpret disagreeing
previous predictions between linearized theory and simulations: in the linear
limit, the kinetic energy of transverse velocity components, normal to the
magnetic field, decays faster than the kinetic energy of the axial component,
along the magnetic field (Moffatt (1967)); whereas many numerical studies
predict a final state characterised by dominant energy of transverse velocity
components. We investigate the corresponding nonlinear phenomenon using Direct
Numerical Simulations of freely-decaying turbulence, and a two-point
statistical spectral closure based on the Eddy Damped Quasi-Normal Markovian
model. The transition from the three-dimensional turbulent flow to a
"two-and-a-half-dimensional" flow (Montgomery & Turner (1982)) is a result of
the combined effects of short-time linear Joule dissipation and longer time
nonlinear creation of polarisation anisotropy. It is this combination of linear
and nonlinear effects which explains the disagreement between predictions from
linearized theory and results from numerical simulations. The transition is
characterized by the elongation of turbulent structures along the applied
magnetic field, and by the strong anisotropy of directional two-point
correlation spectra, in agreement with experimental evidence. Inertial
equatorial transfers in both DNS and the model are presented to describe in
detail the most important equilibrium dynamics. Spectral scalings are
maintained in high Reynolds number turbulence attainable only with the EDQNM
model, which also provides simplified modelling of the asymptotic state of
quasi-static MHD turbulence.Comment: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 201
Signatures of two-dimensionalisation of 3D turbulence in presence of rotation
A reason has been given for the inverse energy cascade in the
two-dimensionalised rapidly rotating 3D incompressible turbulence. For such
system, literature shows a possibility of the exponent of wavenumber in the
energy spectrum's relation to lie between -2 and -3. We argue the existence of
a more strict range of -2 to -7/3 for the exponent in the case of rapidly
rotating turbulence which is in accordance with the recent experiments. Also, a
rigorous derivation for the two point third order structure function has been
provided helping one to argue that even with slow rotation one gets, though
dominated, a spectrum with the exponent -2.87, thereby hinting at the
initiation of the two-dimensionalisation effect with rotation.Comment: An extended and typos-corrected version of the earlier submissio
FulguraciĂłn de haz izquierdo en paciente con transposiciĂłn de grandes vasos
En este artĂculo presentamos el caso clĂnico de un paciente con cirugĂa de Senning por transposiciĂłn de los grandes vasos, quien fue sometido a fulguraciĂłn con radiofrecuencia de un haz paraespecĂfico izquierdo. Se ha documentado la asociaciĂłn entre esta condiciĂłn clĂnica y la presencia de arritmias auriculares, pera no encontramos datos publicados de tratamiento con radiofrecuencia en un paciente con cirugĂa de Senning y taquicardia paraxĂstica supraventricular por un haz paraespecĂfico
An Integrated Method for Landscape Assessment: Application to Santiago de Cuba Bay, Cuba
Human activities often drive landscape degradation and the associated loss of value. This
paper describes a method that, by integrating multiple factors, characterize landscape value to
establish relevant and effective management practices. The new integrated method for landscape
assessment (IMLA) is a four-step model that includes: (i) establishment of a general theoretical basis
for sustainability relevant metrics; (ii) characterization of the landscape; (iii) landscape valuation;
(iv) recommendations for landscape value management. Each step includes different interactive
components of analysis. The new IMLA considers the potential range of values associated with each
landscape unit and facilitates sustainable landscape management. The method is systematic and
includes both inductive and deductive reasoning. Its articulation is represented in the conjunction
and overlapping of all factors and variables considered. IMLA was tested in Santiago de Cuba Bay
(Cuba) and used to determine five landscape scopes, eight first-order landscape units and 29 s-order
units. It proved to be a useful tool to establish landscape values and sound management strategies.
Application of IMLA in Cuba will help local authorities institute land-use plans and to establish
decision-making processes that include valuation of cultural landscapes.This research was funded by project INDEX No. INV.1106-01-007-12, titled "Resilient cities: minimizing vulnerabilities when facing extreme meteorological phenomena and climate changes at coastal communities", Universidad de la Costa, Colombia and by the Cuban Project "Adaptive Governance for the coastal and marine planning in Cuba", Universidad de Oriente, Cuba
Dissemination and survival of commercial wine yeast in the vineyard: a large-scale, three years study
The use of commercial wine yeast strains as starters has been extensively generalised over the past two decades. In this study, a large-scale sampling plan was devised over a period of three years in six different vineyards to evaluate the dynamics and survival of industrial yeast strains in the vineyard. A total of 198 grape samples were collected at various distances from the wineries, before and after harvest, and yeast strains isolated after spontaneous fermentation were subsequently identified by molecular methods. Among 3780 yeast strains identified, 296 isolates had a genetic profile identical to that of commercial yeast strains. For a large majority (94%), these strains were recovered at very close proximity to the winery (10-200m). Commercial strains were mostly found in the post harvest samples, reflecting immediate dissemination. Analysis of population variations from year to year indicated that permanent implantation of commercial strains in the vineyard did not occur, but instead that these strains were subject to natural fluctuations of periodical appearance/disappearance like autochthonous strains. Our data show that dissemination of commercial yeast in the vineyard is restricted to short distances and limited periods of times and is largely favoured by the presence of water runoff.ENOSAFE (NÂș 762, Programa AGRO, medida 8.1) and the grant nÂș 657 C2 from the cooperation agreement between the Portuguese Institute for International Scientific and Technological Cooperation (ICCTI) and the French Embassy in Lisbon and the Marie Curie Fellowship of the European Community programme of Quality of Life under Contract QLK4-CT-2001-51873
An hydrodynamic shear instability in stratified disks
We discuss the possibility that astrophysical accretion disks are dynamically
unstable to non-axisymmetric disturbances with characteristic scales much
smaller than the vertical scale height. The instability is studied using three
methods: one based on the energy integral, which allows the determination of a
sufficient condition of stability, one using a WKB approach, which allows the
determination of the necessary and sufficient condition for instability and a
last one by numerical solution. This linear instability occurs in any inviscid
stably stratified differential rotating fluid for rigid, stress-free or
periodic boundary conditions, provided the angular velocity decreases
outwards with radius . At not too small stratification, its growth rate is a
fraction of . The influence of viscous dissipation and thermal
diffusivity on the instability is studied numerically, with emphasis on the
case when (Keplerian case). Strong
stratification and large diffusivity are found to have a stabilizing effect.
The corresponding critical stratification and Reynolds number for the onset of
the instability in a typical disk are derived. We propose that the spontaneous
generation of these linear modes is the source of turbulence in disks,
especially in weakly ionized disks.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, to appear in A&
Nitrogen transfers off Walvis Bay: a 3-D coupled physical/biogeochemical modeling approach in the Namibian upwelling system
Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are regions of high primary production often associated with oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). They represent key regions for the oceanic nitrogen (N) cycle. By exporting organic matter (OM) and nutrients produced in the coastal region to the open ocean, EBUS can play an important role in sustaining primary production in subtropical gyres. However, losses of fixed inorganic N through denitrification and anammox processes take place in oxygen depleted environments such as EBUS, and can potentially mitigate the role of these regions as a source of N to the open ocean. EBUS can also represent a considerable source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, affecting the atmospheric budget of N2O.
In this paper a 3-D coupled physical/biogeochemical model (ROMS/BioEBUS) is used to investigate the N budget in the Namibian upwelling system. The main processes linked to EBUS and associated OMZs are taken into account. The study focuses on the northern part of the Benguela upwelling system (BUS), especially the Walvis Bay area (between 22° S and 24° S) where the OMZ is well developed. Fluxes of N off the Walvis Bay area are estimated in order to understand and quantify (1) the total N offshore export from the upwelling area, representing a possible N source that sustains primary production in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre; (2) export production and subsequent losses of fixed N via denitrification and anammox under suboxic conditions (O2 < 25 mmol O2 mâ3); and (3) the N2O emission to the atmosphere in the upwelling area.
In the mixed layer, the total N offshore export is estimated as 8.5 ± 3.9 Ă 1010 mol N yrâ1 at 10° E off the Walvis Bay area, with a mesoscale contribution of 20%. Extrapolated to the whole BUS, the coastal N source for the subtropical gyre corresponds to 0.1 ± 0.04 mol N mâ2 yrâ1. This N flux represents a major source of N for the gyre compared with other N sources, and contributes 28% of the new primary production estimated for the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.
Export production (16.9 ± 1.3 Ă 1010 mol N yrâ1) helps to maintain an OMZ off Namibia in which coupled nitrification, denitrification and anammox processes lead to losses of fixed N and N2O production. However, neither N losses (0.04 ± 0.025 Ă 1010 mol N yrâ1) nor N2O emissions (0.03 ± 0.002 Ă 1010 mol N yrâ1) significantly impact the main N exports of the Walvis Bay area.
The studied area does not significantly contribute to N2O emissions (0.5 to 2.7%) compared to the global coastal upwelling emissions. Locally produced N2O is mostly advected southward by the poleward undercurrent
Valoriser et conserver le pin de Salzmann en France -
Cet article fait le point sur l'Ă©tat des connaissances disponibles sur le pin de Salzmann, dans les domaines Ă©cologique, sylvicole et de diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique. Il fait aussi Ă©tat des risques qui menacent cette ressource française originale, caractĂ©ristique de la forĂȘt mĂ©diterranĂ©enne et indique quelles sont les stratĂ©gies actuelles employĂ©es pour sauvegarder et utiliser durablement les populations naturelles
BMC Public Health
BACKGROUND: Population health intervention research raises major conceptual and methodological issues. These require us to clarify what an intervention is and how best to address it. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of intervention and context and to propose a way to consider their interactions in evaluation studies, especially by addressing the mechanisms and using the theory-driven evaluation methodology. MAIN TEXT: This article synthesizes the notions of intervention and context. It suggests that we consider an "interventional system", defined as a set of interrelated human and non-human contextual agents within spatial and temporal boundaries generating mechanistic configurations - mechanisms - which are prerequisites for change in health. The evaluation focal point is no longer the interventional ingredients taken separately from the context, but rather mechanisms that punctuate the process of change. It encourages a move towards theorization in evaluation designs, in order to analyze the interventional system more effectively. More particularly, it promotes theory-driven evaluation, either alone or combined with experimental designs. CONCLUSION: Considering the intervention system, hybridizing paradigms in a process of theorization within evaluation designs, including different scientific disciplines, practitioners and intervention beneficiaries, may allow researchers a better understanding of what is being investigated and enable them to design the most appropriate methods and modalities for characterizing the interventional system. Evaluation methodologies should therefore be repositioned in relation to one another with regard to a new definition of "evidence", repositioning practitioners' expertise, qualitative paradigms and experimental questions in order to address the intervention system more profoundly
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