The Merging of Two Dynasties—Identification of an African Cotton Leaf Curl Disease-Associated Begomovirus with Cotton in Pakistan

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a severe disease of cotton that occurs in Africa and Pakistan/northwestern India. The disease is caused by begomoviruses in association with specific betasatellites that differ between Africa and Asia. During survey of symptomatic cotton in Sindh (southern Pakistan) Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGV), the begomovirus associated with CLCuD in Africa, was identified. However, the cognate African betasatellite (Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite) was not found. Instead, two Asian betasatellites, the CLCuD-associated Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and Chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) were identified. Inoculation of the experimental plant species Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CLCuGV was competent to maintain both CLCuMB and ChLCB. Interestingly, the enations typical of CLCuD were only induced by CLCuGV in the presence of CLCuMB. Also in infections involving both CLCuMB and ChLCB the enations typical of CLCuMB were less evident. This is the first time an African begomovirus has been identified on the Indian sub-continent, highlight the growing threat of begomoviruses and particularly the threat of CLCuD causing viruses to cotton cultivation in the rest of the world

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe

Anaphylactic reactions of ionic and nonionic contrasts during coronary angiogram

Objective: To compare the acute anaphylactic reactions of ionic and nonionic contrasts in patients undergoing coronary angiogram. Study Design: Experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Catheterization Laboratory of Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from 28th September 2007 to 27th March 2008. Materials and methods: 200 patients undergoing coronary angiogram, admitted in Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore through outpatient department (OPD) and emergency ward were included. The socio demographic information like name, age sex and address were recorded. After taking informed consent, the patients were divided into two groups by using random numbers table before the procedure. First group received ionic and the second group received nonionic dye. All patients will undergo coronary angiogram and anaphylactic reactions were recorded. Results: Out of 200 patients 153(76.5%) were male and 47(23.5%) were female .Age range was 32-75 yrs with mean age of 53.94±10.07 of study population .The study population was divided into two equal groups. First group 100 patients received Ionic dye while second group100 patients received Non ionic dye .Anaphylactic complications during coronary angiogram were more common in patients who received ionic contrast as compared to non ionic contrast group. Conclusion: Anaphylactic complications during coronary angiogram were more common with ionic dye as compared to non ionic contrast