El desgobierno de los jueces

The author presents the institutional evolution of the judicial office during modernity and historical-legal coordinates in which it is inserted, highlighting the decline of parliamentary law, tension and conflict in democratic governments, establishing politicized judiciaries and ascending judicial activism, the consequences not only impact the democratic systems of representation, but in the practice of judicial activity.El autor nos presenta el devenir institucional del oficio judicial durante la modernidad y las coordenadas histórico jurídicas en las cuales se inserta, destacando el declive de la ley parlamentaria, la tensión y conflictos en los gobiernos democráticos, el establecimiento de poderes judiciales politizados y un ascendente activismo judicial, cuyas consecuencias no sólo impactan en los sistemas de representación democráticos sino también en la práctica de la actividad judicial

Taking advantage of difficulties. Variable rate application based on canopy maps to achieve a sustainable crop protection process

The aim of this work wasto evaluate the use of Variable Rate Application technologies based on prescription maps in commercial vineyards with large intra-parcel variability to achieve a more sustainable distribution of Plant Protection Products (PPP).This research was funded by the project Gophytovid: Optimización del uso de fitosanitarios en viticultura en base a mapas de vigor (Rural development 2014-2020 for Operational Groups)Postprint (published version

Heterogeneidad de los daños y de la distribución espacial de Oscinella frit L. (Diptera: Chloropidae) en cereales de invierno

[SPA] La mosca Oscinella frit se asocia a gramíneas silvestres y cultivadas y puede ocasionar importantes pérdidas en los cereales. En la campaña 2001-2002 se produjo un ataque de cierta gravedad en Extremadura, por lo que se efectuó una valoración de los daños y un estudio de su distribución espacial en un ensayo de variedades de cereales de invierno en Olivenza (Badajoz). En mayo de 2002, coincidiendo con el estado fenológico de grano semi-vitroso, se muestrearon 40-80 espigas al azar de 2 cebadas de ciclo corto (Grafíc, Scarlet), 4 cebadas de ciclo largo (Ordalie, Sunrise, FD 93060-507, Hispanic), 2 trigos blandos de primavera (Yécora, Cartaya), 2 trigos blandos de otoño (Soissons, Marius), 2 trigos duros (Vitrón, D. Pedro), 2 triticales (Villuercas, Tentudía) y una avena (Saia). Las pérdidas fueron muy variables entre especies/variedades. Los daños fueron inapreciables en avena, triticale y trigo blando de otoño, muy bajos en trigo duro (0,1-0,2%) y trigo blando de primavera (0,4-1,7%), bajos en cebada de ciclo corto (2,5-2,8%) y moderados en cebada de ciclo largo (5,0-6,6%), excepto en la variedad Ordalie, en la que fueron intolerables, casi del 50%. La distribución espacial de los daños difirió entre cereales. En los trigos blandos, el ajuste de la variable "granos dañados por espiga" a la distribución de Poisson, indicó que los daños se repartieron al azar. En las cebadas, la variable se ajustó a la distribución Binomial Negativa, indicando una repartición agregativa o contagiosa de los daños. La única excepción se observó de nuevo en Ordalie, en la que la variable se ajustó a la distribución Normal, sugiriendo una mayor uniformidad y un retorno a la distribución al azar con el incremento del nivel de daño. Además, en Ordalie, la variable "puparios por grano" no se distribuyó al azar, sugiriendo una distribución repulsiva a esta escala de muestreo. Finalmente se discuten algunos factores biológicos y ecológicos potencialmente implicados en la heterogeneidad, tanto del daño, como de la distribución espacial de O. frit en las espigas de los cereales de invierno.[ENG] The Oscinella frit fly develops on wild and cultivated gramineous plants and larvae can cause important losses in cereal crops. In the 2001-2002 growth season an outbreak of this pest took place in southwestern Spain, so that a damage evaluation and a study of its spatial distribution were carried out in a trial of winter cereals at Olivenza (Badajoz). In May 2002, at the early hard dough phenological stage, random samples of 40-80 spikes per cultivar were collected from 2 short-cycle barleys (Grafic, Scarlet), 4 long-cycle barleys (Ordalie, Sunrise, FD 93060-507, Hispanic), 2 spring soft wheats (Yécora, Cartaya), 2 autumn soft wheats (Soissons, Marius), 2 hard wheats (Vitrón, D. Pedro), 2 triticales (Villuercas, Tentudia) and an oat (Saia). Crop losses were very variable among the species/cultivars studied. Crop damage was invaluable in oat, triticale and autumn soft wheat, very low in hard wheat (0.1-0.2%) and spring soft wheat (0.4-1.7%), low in short cycle barley of (2.5-2.8%) and moderate in long-cycle barley (5.0-6.6%), exception found in Ordalie, in which damage was intolerable, almost of 50%. Spatial distribution of fly damage differed among cereals. In soft wheats, the variable "damaged grains per spike" fitted to the Poisson distribution, indicating that fly damage was distributed at random. In barleys, this variable fitted to the Negative Binomial distribution, which indicated a clumped or contagious distribution of fly damage. The only exception was again in Ordalie, in which the variable fitted to the Normal distribution, showing a higher uniformity and a return to the random distribution with the increase of damage level. In Ordalie, the variable "puparia per grain" was not random-distributed which suggested a repulsive distribution of O.frit fly at this sampling level. Some biological and ecological factors potentially accounting for the observed heterogeneity both in damage and spatial distribution of O.frit in cereal spikes are discussed.Los autores agradecen al Dr. John Deeming la confirmación taxonómica de Oscinellafrit, al Dr. Alfredo Lacasa Plasencia la revisión del manuscrito y a Diana González su ayuda en los muéstreos

Retos del derecho constitucional contemporáneo

1 documento en PDF de 16 páginas.Con reflexiones académicas sobre el “neoconstitucionalismo”, este libro recoge conclusiones de la experiencia constitucional en Colombiay en otros países. Especialmente crítico, destaca los aciertos del neoconstitucionalismo y plantea cómo este ha sido incapaz de fortalecer la justicia y de modelar una sociedad más incluyente, por lo cual los autores recomiendan una revisión profunda de sus tesis principales y retomar las fuentes propias de la juridicidad humana y la universalidad de sus bienes básicos y fundamentales.PRESENTACIÓN CAPÍTULO PRIMERO LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL ANTE EL TRIBUNAL DE LA HISTORIA 1. Introducción 2. El "núcleo puro y duro de la Constitución de 1991" 3. "Yo doy las órdenes". La ingeniería social de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia 4. Constitución y Corte Constitucional: una misma cosa 5. Nuevamente el "deseo" como fundamento de la juridicidad: un juez que dice mentiras 6. A modo de conclusión: los poderosos también caen CAPÍTULO II LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS. ¿ENTRE DESEOS PARTICULARES Y BIENES FUNDAMENTALES? 7. La sociedad secularizada 8. Las "lisonjas de los bribones" 9. De Protágoras a Rorty 10. Rawls, Nozick, Hume, Constant 11. Pluralismo sin fundamentalismos 12. El riesgo del "mandarinismo" 13. El juez constitucional. ¿Imparcial e independiente? 14. El riesgo de la manipulación ideológica del derecho 15. Algunos rasgos del nuevo constitucionalismo 16. ¿Oligarquías del fundamentalismo secularista? 17. ¿Magistratura al servicio de la justicia o al servicio de intereses? 18. Opinión pública y limitación del poder 19. Epílogo. El ojo independiente de la sociedad y los pequeños pelotones CAPÍTULO III POSITIVISMO, NEOCONSTITUCIONALISMO Y ACTIVISMO JUDICIAL 20. Preliminares A) EL POSITIVISMO JURÍDICO DE HANS KELSEN 21. Autointerés y conflicto 22. La norma 23. Activismo judicial 24. Conclusión. Dominación ilegal y tiranía B) NEOCONSTITUCIONALISMO 25. El sujeto de derechos y la despolitización de la convivencia 26. Los derechos 27. Activismo judicial 28. Estado de naturaleza y anarquismo 29. Consideraciones finales CAPÍTULO IV LAS APORÍAS PRESENTES DEL DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL 30. Constitución, derecho constitucional y constitucionalismo 31. Constitucionalismo, derecho público y derecho privado 32. Constitución del Estado y constructivismo social 33. ¿Separación de poderes? 34. Un escolio sobre el "judicialismo" 35. El funcionalismo federalista 36. Constitucionalismo y personalismo 37. Neo y posconstitucionalismo CAPÍTULO V DEL LAICISMO A LA LAICIDAD. UNAS REFLEXIONES (NO EXCLUSIVAMENTE) ESPAÑOLAS 38. ¿De nominibus non est disputandum?" o "res denominatur a potiori?" 39. Al principio, "non est potestas nisi a Deo" 40. El Estado moderno y sus transformaciones. La puesta en plural del pecado original y la doctrina social de la Iglesia como contestación cristiana del mundo moderno 41. La ruina espiritual de un pueblo por efecto de una política 42. Las incoherencias de la predicación actual y la reedificación del derecho público cristiano CAPÍTULO VI LAS RELACIONES ENTRE RELIGIÓN Y POLÍTICA EN LA SOCIEDAD POSTSECULAR DEL SIGLO XXI 43. Presentación 44. La política 45. La religión 46. Las relaciones entre política y religión 47. La actual trascendencia social, cultural y política del fenómeno religioso 48. El debate Habermas - Ratzinger y el advenimiento de la llamada sociedad postsecular CAPÍTULO VII EL CONSTITUCIONALISMO FRENTE A LAS CONSTITUCIONES CONTEMPORÁNEAS 49. Introducción 50. El concepto de Constitución 51. La clasificación de las constituciones y una mirada realista 52. La necesidad de "desestatizar" las fuentes del derecho constitucional 53. Una evaluación del principio de separación de poderes 54. La diferencia entre el mundo del "rule of law" y del Estado de derecho 55. El nacimiento del control de constitucionalidad 56. La tradición constitucional en el reconocimiento de los derechos y libertades 57. Las garantías y su progresiva fragmentación en los textos constitucionales 58. El dimensionamiento de una Constitución 59. Las llamadas constituciones modernas 60. Las nuevas tendencias constitucionales 61. Conclusión. El ejemplo constitucional anglosajón CAPÍTULO VIII LA TEORÍA DE LOS PRINCIPIOS Y EL ESTADO CONSTITUCIONAL. LUCES Y SOMBRAS 62. El Estado constitucional y los principios jurídico-constitucionales 63. La teoría de los principios en la teoría contemporánea del derecho 64. Principios jurídicos y valores constitucionales 65. Criterios distintivos entre principios y reglas 66. La cuestión del fundamento de los principios. Una asignatura pendiente en la teoría principalista de los derechos CAPÍTULO IX EL CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE REFORMAS CONSTITUCIONALES. ALGUNAS SALIDAS PARA LA ENCRUCIJADA CONTRAMAYORITARIA 67. Introducción 68. Las sombras del control de reformas por sustitución 69. Algunas salidas 70. La aplicabilidad de estas alternativas al caso colombiano BIBLIOGRAFÍ

Whole body correction of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA by intracerebrospinal fluid gene therapy

For most lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) affecting the CNS, there is currently no cure. The BBB, which limits the bioavailability of drugs administered systemically, and the short half-life of lysosomal enzymes, hamper the development of effective therapies. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is an autosomic recessive LSD caused by a deficiency in sulfamidase, a sulfatase involved in the stepwise degradation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate. Here, we demonstrate that intracerebrospinal fluid (intra-CSF) administration of serotype 9 adenoassociated viral vectors (AAV9s) encoding sulfamidase corrects both CNS and somatic pathology in MPS IIIA mice. Following vector administration, enzymatic activity increased throughout the brain and in serum, leading to whole body correction of GAG accumulation and lysosomal pathology, normalization of behavioral deficits, and prolonged survival. To test this strategy in a larger animal, we treated beagle dogs using intracisternal or intracerebroventricular delivery. Administration of sulfamidase-encoding AAV9 resulted in transgenic expression throughout the CNS and liver and increased sulfamidase activity in CSF. High-titer serum antibodies against AAV9 only partially blocked CSF-mediated gene transfer to the brains of dogs. Consistently, anti-AAV antibody titers were lower in CSF than in serum collected from healthy and MPS IIIA-affected children. These results support the clinical translation of this approach for the treatment of MPS IIIA and other LSDs with CNS involvement

Risk of suicide attempt repetition after an index attempt: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To estimate the risk of suicide attempt repetition among individuals with an index attempt. It also aims to study the role of risk factors and prevention programme in repetition. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in keeping with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies on attempt repetition (both cohort studies and intervention studies) were searched from inception to 2022. Results A total of 110 studies comprising 248,829 attempters was reviewed. The overall repetition rate was 0.20 (0.17, 0.22). Repetition risk linearly increased over time. A higher risk of attempt repetition was associated with female sex and index attempts in which self-cutting methods were used. Moreover, a mental disorder diagnosis was associated with an increasing repetition risk (OR = 2.02, p < .01). The delivery of a preventive programme reduced the repetition risk, OR = 0.76, p < .05; however, this effect was significant for psychotherapy interventions, OR = 0.38, p < .01. Conclusion One in five suicide attempters will engage in a new suicide attempt. An elevated repetition risk is associated with being female, more severe index methods and psychiatric disorder diagnosis. Preventive programmes, particularly psychotherapy, may contribute to reducing repetition risk and eventually save lives.This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS research grants (PI16/00187, PI19/00236, PI19/00569, PI19/00685, PI19/00941, PI19/00954, PI19/01027, PI19/01256, PI19/01484, PI20/00229), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “A Way to Build Europe”; the Government of the Principality of Asturias (grant ref.: PCTI-2018-2022 IDI/2018/235); Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca from the Departament d'Economia i Coneixement (ref.: 2017SGR1365 and 2017SGR134), and Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia), CERCA Programme

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Multiple Sclerosis

To understand COVID-19 characteristics in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and identify high-risk individuals due to their immunocompromised state resulting from the use of disease-modifying treatments. Retrospective and multicenter registry in patients with MS with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and available disease course (mild = ambulatory; severe = hospitalization; and critical = intensive care unit/death). Cases were analyzed for associations between MS characteristics and COVID-19 course and for identifying risk factors for a fatal outcome. Of the 326 patients analyzed, 120 were cases confirmed by real-time PCR, 34 by a serologic test, and 205 were suspected. Sixty-nine patients (21.3%) developed severe infection, 10 (3%) critical, and 7 (2.1%) died. Ambulatory patients were higher in relapsing MS forms, treated with injectables and oral first-line agents, whereas more severe cases were observed in patients on pulsed immunosuppressors and critical cases among patients with no therapy. Severe and critical infections were more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, with progressive MS forms, a longer disease course, and higher disability. Fifteen of 33 patients treated with rituximab were hospitalized. Four deceased patients have progressive MS, 5 were not receiving MS therapy, and 2 were treated (natalizumab and rituximab). Multivariate analysis showed age (OR 1.09, 95% CI, 1.04-1.17) as the only independent risk factor for a fatal outcome. This study has not demonstrated the presumed critical role of MS therapy in the course of COVID-19 but evidenced that people with MS with advanced age and disease, in progressive course, and those who are more disabled have a higher probability of severe and even fatal diseas

CSVS, a crowdsourcing database of the Spanish population genetic variability

The knowledge of the genetic variability of the local population is of utmost importance in personalized medicine and has been revealed as a critical factor for the discovery of new disease variants. Here, we present the Collaborative Spanish Variability Server (CSVS), which currently contains more than 2000 genomes and exomes of unrelated Spanish individuals. This database has been generated in a collaborative crowdsourcing effort collecting sequencing data produced by local genomic projects and for other purposes. Sequences have been grouped by ICD10 upper categories. A web interface allows querying the database removing one or more ICD10 categories. In this way, aggregated counts of allele frequencies of the pseudo-control Spanish population can be obtained for diseases belonging to the category removed. Interestingly, in addition to pseudo-control studies, some population studies can be made, as, for example, prevalence of pharmacogenomic variants, etc. In addition, this genomic data has been used to define the first Spanish Genome Reference Panel (SGRP1.0) for imputation. This is the first local repository of variability entirely produced by a crowdsourcing effort and constitutes an example for future initiatives to characterize local variabilityworldwide. CSVS is also part of the GA4GH Beacon network.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness SAF2017-88908-R PT17/0009/0006 PI19/00321 CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 PI14-948 PI171659Regional Government of Madrid, RAREGenomicsCM B2017/BMD3721 B2017/BMD-3721European Union (EU)European Union (EU) 676559University Chair UAM-IIS-FJD of Genomic MedicineRamon Areces Foundatio

A crowdsourcing database for the copy-number variation of the spanish population

Background: Despite being a very common type of genetic variation, the distribution of copy-number variations (CNVs) in the population is still poorly understood. The knowledge of the genetic variability, especially at the level of the local population, is a critical factor for distinguishing pathogenic from non-pathogenic variation in the discovery of new disease variants. Results: Here, we present the SPAnish Copy Number Alterations Collaborative Server (SPACNACS), which currently contains copy number variation profiles obtained from more than 400 genomes and exomes of unrelated Spanish individuals. By means of a collaborative crowdsourcing effort whole genome and whole exome sequencing data, produced by local genomic projects and for other purposes, is continuously collected. Once checked both, the Spanish ancestry and the lack of kinship with other individuals in the SPACNACS, the CNVs are inferred for these sequences and they are used to populate the database. A web interface allows querying the database with different filters that include ICD10 upper categories. This allows discarding samples from the disease under study and obtaining pseudo-control CNV profiles from the local population. We also show here additional studies on the local impact of CNVs in some phenotypes and on pharmacogenomic variants. SPACNACS can be accessed at: http://csvs.clinbioinfosspa.es/spacnacs/. Conclusion: SPACNACS facilitates disease gene discovery by providing detailed information of the local variability of the population and exemplifies how to reuse genomic data produced for other purposes to build a local reference database.This work is supported by Grants PID2020-117979RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; by the Institute of Health Carlos III (project IMPaCT-Data, exp. IMP/00019, IMP/00009 and PI20/01305), co-funded by the European Union, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, “A way to make Europe”)