The Burden of Dengue Illness and Its Economics Costs in the Americas: A Review on the Most Affected Countries

According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reports, the annual average number of dengue cases in the Americas has been 1,579,658 in the last 8 years (2010–2017), affecting the population’s welfare. The high level in dengue cases does not only have an impact from an epidemiological perspective but also from an economical perspective as the treatment cost that must be borne. The aim of this chapter is to review the situation as reported in the American countries with the highest number of cases, focusing on the burden of the disease (measured in DALYs and number of cases) and its total treatment cost, which includes direct (medical and non-medical) costs and indirect costs. We calculate the total treatment cost per DALY for the epidemic year (2015). The results show that Mexico has the highest cost per DALY (US$17,703) followed by Brazil (US$ 11,218), Colombia (US$4,540), and the Dominican Republic (US$ 1,157). Additionally, after adjusting for total health expenditure, we found all the countries exhibit a similar share of total treatment cost over health expenditure (0.16% in average)

Benefits of the development of strength and resistance in the middle water

Existen investigaciones que demuestran que los beneficios obtenidos en el medio acuático son similares a los alcanzados en tierra, aspectos como el gasto calórico que alcanza índices 1 – 2 Kcal/min comprueban dicha relación. Los movimientos globales utilizados en el medio acuático reclutan un mayor número de grupos musculares, por lo que se favorece la capacidad aeróbica al presentar un gasto de oxígeno mayor, que por consecuencia no solo influirá en las células musculares y la capacidad de resistencia aeróbica y anaeróbica, sinotambién, influirá sobre el corazón, los pulmones y el sistema vascular. Al ser la pérdida de calor 25 veces mayor en el medio acuático con respecto al terrestre, se verá facilitada la termorregulación favoreciendo a aquellas personas que no están acostumbradas a la sudoración excesiva y el aumento de la temperatura experimentada en el entrenamiento físico. Como una actividad más agradable se puede definir al acondicionamiento en el medio acuático, porque favorece la percepción de movimientos creando la noción de un esfuerzo más liviano, que otras más intensas realizadas en el medio terrestre, otro de los grandes beneficios de este trabajo es la disminución y casi ausencia de las lesiones, este es un beneficio extra que no pueden brindar otros trabajos, al igual que las personas con problemas de sobrepeso u obesidad ven disminuido su peso en el agua, lo que permite su inclusión en los programas de entrenamiento.There is research showing that the benefits obtained in the aquatic environment are similar to those achieved on Earth, things like caloric expenditure reaching rates 1-2 Kcal/min check that relationship. Global movements used in le aquatic recruit a larger number of muscle groups so it favors the aerobic capacity to submit an expense of oxygen increased, that consequently will affect not only the muscle cells and the ability of aerobic and anaerobic resistance but also will influence the heart, the lungs and vascular system. There is research showing that the benefits obtained in the aquatic environment are similar to those achieved on Earth, things like caloric expenditure reaching rates 1-2 Kcal/min check that relationship. Global movements used in le aquatic recruit a larger number of muscle groups so it favors the aerobic capacity to submit an expense of oxygen increased, that consequently will affect not only the muscle cells and the ability of aerobic and anaerobic resistance but also will influence the heart, the lungs and vascular system.When heat loss 25 times greater in the aquatic environment with respect to the land, it will be facilitated thermoregulation favoring those who are not accustomed to excessive sweating and increased temperature experienced in fitness training. As a more enjoyable activity you can define the conditioning in the aquatic environment thus favors the perception of movement creating the notion of a lighter effort, more intense performed on land another major benefit of this work is the reduction and almost no injuries this is an extra benefit that can not provide other trabajaos like people with overweight or obesity are decreased its weight in water which allows inclusion in training programs.Incluye referencias bibliográfica

Synthesis and exploration of the lubricating behavior of nanoparticulated Mo15S19 in linseed oil

Producción CientíficaMolybdenum chalcogenides present interesting properties beyond their superconducting critical temperatures and upper critical magnetic fields, making them suitable for potential applications in tribology, batteries, catalysis, or thermopower. In this study, Mo15S19 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 nm were synthesized via the reaction of ammonium molybdate with hydrochloric acid and elemental sulfur as reducers at 245 °C. The oxidation to MoO3 in air was efficiently avoided by using linseed oil as a reaction medium and dispersant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the as-prepared samples revealed the presence of few-micron-size aggregates, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization evidenced that the samples were polynanocrystalline with a high degree of homogeneity in size (standard deviation of 2.7 nm). The absence of the first-order (00l) reflection in the X-ray diffraction pattern was also indicative of the absence of Mo3S4 stacking, suggesting that it was a non-layered material. A dispersion of the nanoparticles in linseed oil has been studied as a lubricant of steel–steel sliding contacts, showing the formation of a surface layer that reduces wear and mean friction coefficients with respect to the base oil.QREN-Mais Centro (project ICT-2009-02-012-1980

Cathodoluminescence study of ZnO wafers cut from hydrothermal crystals

ZnO is a wide bandgap semiconductor with very promising expectation for UV optoelectronics. The existence of large crystals should allow homoepitaxial growth of ZnO films for advanced optoelectronic devices. However, the ZnO substrates are not yet mature. Both defect induced by growth and by polishing together with the high reactivity of the surface are problems to their industrial application. Cathodoluminescence (CL) was used to probe the quality of substrates from two different suppliers. The surface damage was studied by varying the penetration depth of the electron beam, allowing to observe significant differences between the two samples within a 0.5-mm-thick surface layer. CL spectra show a complex band (P1) at _3.3 eV composed of two overlapped bands (3.31 and 3.29 eV) related to point defects (PD) and the 1-LO phonon replica of the free exciton (FX-1LO). This band (P1) is shown to be very sensitive to the presence of defects and the surface and thermal treatments. Its intensity compared with the excitonic band intensity is demonstrated to provide criteria about the quality of the substrates

Surface Coating by Gold Nanoparticles on Functional Polymers: On-Demand Portable Catalysts for Suzuki Reactions

We have developed new functionalized polymers capable of being easily coated by gold nanoparticles, uniformly distributed on the surface of the polymers, by simply adding a gold(III) solution in water to the polymers. The polymer-supported gold nanoparticle material was used as an efficient portable and reusable catalyst for Suzuki reactions in mixed organic−aqueous solvents.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (Projects CTQ2015-71353-R and MAT2014-54137-R), Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Educación y Cultura y Fondo Social Europeo (Projects BU051U16 and BU061U16), and the European Commission, Seventh Framework Programme (Project SNIFFER FP7-SEC- 2012-312411

Optimization of the luminescence emission of Si nanocrystals synthesized from non-stoichiometric Si oxides using a Central Composite Design of the deposition process

Si oxide films with a controlled excess of Si were deposited on Si wafers by LPCVD using Si2H6 and O2, thermally annealed to 1100 °C for 1 h to form Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 and subsequently annealed at 450 °C in forming gas. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. The excess of Si in the as-deposited samples, ranging from 0 to 70% in volume, was obtained from the ellipsometry data analysis. After annealing at 1100 °C, the samples show a luminescence band (peaking at 665 nm) at 80 K and at room temperature which is associated to the presence of Si nanocrystals. The growth rate, the excess of Si incorporated to the films and the intensity of the luminescence band were modelled using a Face-Centered Central Composite Design as a function of the main deposition variables (pressure, 185–300 mTorr; temperature, 250–400 °C; Si2H6/O2 flow ratio, 2–5) aiming to control the growth process and the incorporation of Si in excess as well as to determine the experimental conditions that yield the samples with the maximum intensity of the luminescence emission

Construcción de una Estrategia para el Monitoreo Integrado de los Ecosistemas de Alta Montaña en Colombia

We present a synthesis of a proposal for integrated monitoring of high Andean ecosystems in Colombia, formulated through a process of discussion and consultation with multiple stakeholders with experience in monitoring mountain ecosystems in the country. The proposal takes as point of departure the need for developing integrated monitoring systems, with an adaptive management approach that allows evaluation of impacts of changes in socio-economic contexts and the effects of global change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Also, this approach provides relevant information for territorial planning, climate change adaptation and ecological restoration. We prioritize high Andean ecosystems in Colombia because they include strategic ecosystems such as paramos, wetlands and glaciers, are global biodiversity hotspots, provide key ecosystem services including regulation of water provision for a growing rural and urban population, and exhibit a high vulnerability to climate change. There are numerous monitoring schemes at a national level and in the Andean region of Colombia, including initiatives that monitor biomass and carbon, taxonomic and functional diversity, climate, hydrology and glacier dynamics, as well as studies on land-use and socio-economic dynamics. Considering this accumulated experience, we discuss the challenges for their assimilation into an integrated system and propose a multiscale conceptual model of the main drivers of change and the response variables that could be monitored, from the national to the ecosystem/plot scale. Finally, we present the main expected products of the strategy, a possible institutional framework and the next steps that we consider are necessary for promoting its consolidation.Se presenta una síntesis de la propuesta para una estrategia de monitoreo integrado de los ecosistemas de alta montaña en Colombia, formulada a través de un proceso de discusión y consulta con la participación de múltiples actores con experiencia en el monitoreo de ecosistemas altoandinos del país. La propuesta parte de la necesidad de contar con sistemas integrados de monitoreo con un enfoque de manejo adaptativo, que permitan evaluar el impacto de los cambios en el contexto político-económico y el cambio global sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos, y que aporten insumos para la planificación territorial, la adaptación al cambio climático y la restauración ecológica. Se priorizan los ecosistemas altoandinos de Colombia ya que incluyen ecosistemas estratégicos como los páramos y glaciares y constituyen un hotspot global de biodiversidad, proveyendo servicios ecosistémicos clave como la regulación de la oferta hídrica para una creciente población rural y urbana. Adicionalmente presentan una alta exposición y vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático. Existe un número importante de experiencias de monitoreo a nivel nacional y en la zona altoandina de Colombia, incluyendo esquemas de seguimiento de biomasa y carbono, diversidad taxonómica y funcional, clima, dinámica hídrica y glaciares, así como cambios en el uso de la tierra y las dinámicas socioambientales. Tomando como base esta experiencia, se discuten los retos que plantea su articulación en un sistema integrado y se presenta la síntesis de un modelo conceptual multiescalar de los principales procesos generadores de cambio y las principales variables respuestas que pudieran ser objeto de monitoreo, desde el ámbito nacional hasta el nivel de ecosistemas o parcelas. Finalmente, se presentan los principales productos esperados de la implementación de la estrategia, un esquema de organización institucional y los próximos pasos que consideramos necesarios para promover su consolidación

Capitulo 5. Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente

El aumento de las concentraciones de GEI es considerado como el responsable del actual calentamiento global, siendo el CO2 el principal GEI debido a las emisiones antropogénicas y registrando un aumento de 2.2 ppm más que en 2016, llegando a alcanzar las 405 ppm de la concentración global en los últimos 58 años (Blunden, 2018). Por lo cual el objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la capacidad de captura de CO2 de las especies de microalgas Chlorella Vulgaris. y Scenedesmus Obliquus. mediante el uso de fotobiorreactores como herramienta biotecnológica para el control de la contaminación atmosférica. Con los resultados de esta investigación, se pretende contribuir al desarrollo de biotecnologías para el control de la contaminación atmosférica enfocadas en las emisiones de CO2

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Evaluación de impacto de la ley 1530 de 2012 - efectos sobre la generación de recursos propios de los municipios en Colombia

Magíster en EconomíaMaestrí