Post-colonialisme, hyper-sécurisation des frontières et ethnographie

Jacinthe Mazzocchetti est professeure en anthropologie au Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Prospective (LAAP) de l’Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL). Ses travaux ont porté successivement sur la jeunesse burkinabé de Ouagadougou en rêve de mieux vivre, sur les bandes urbaines (les “adolescents en exil”) à Bruxelles, et sur les jeunes filles placées par le juge en IPPJ (Institut Public de Protection de la Jeunesse) en Belgique. Plus récemment, ses travaux portent sur les réfugiés, demandeurs d’..

Éditorial

Le colloque « Le corps humain saisi par le droit : entre liberté et propriété » qui s’est tenu à la faculté de droit de l’université Caen Normandie le 14 octobre 2016 a eu pour objet l’étude de la relation de la personne à son corps. Après une analyse théorique, plusieurs conflits d’intérêts suscitant aujourd’hui des difficultés particulières ont été spécialement étudiés. On présente traditionnellement le corps humain comme un aspect de la personne juridique, le principe de dignité constituan..

Similar at-sea behaviour but different habitat use between failed and successful breeding albatrosses

Breeding failure is expected to induce behavioural changes in central place foragers. Indeed, after a failed reproductive attempt, breeding individuals are relieved from having to return to their breeding site for reproductive duties and thus are less constrained than successful breeders in their movements during the remainder of the breeding season. Accordingly, they are expected to adjust their behaviour, travelling longer in distance and/or time to reach foraging grounds. They are also expected to use different foraging areas to decrease local intra-specific competition with successful breeders. We compared the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of successful and failed Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses nesting in Amsterdam Island, Southern Indian Ocean, during 2 chick-rearing seasons. Failed breeders exhibited the same at-sea foraging behaviour, travelling as far and as long as successful breeders. They also spent the same amount of time on their nest between at-sea trips. Nevertheless, habitat models revealed partial spatial segregation of failed breeders, which used specific foraging areas characterized by deeper and colder waters in addition to the areas they shared with successful breeders. Our study shows the importance of combining a range of analytical methods (spatial analysis, behavioural inferences with advanced movement models and habitat models) to infer the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of seabirds. It also stresses the importance of considering individual breeding status when aiming to understand the spatial distribution of individuals, especially when this information may have conservation implications

Variants in the GPR146 Gene Are Associated With a Favorable Cardiometabolic Risk Profile

BACKGROUND: In mice, GPR146 (G-protein-coupled receptor 146) deficiency reduces plasma lipids and protects against atherosclerosis. Whether these findings translate to humans is unknown. METHODS: Common and rare genetic variants in the GPR146 gene locus were used as research instruments in the UK-Biobank. The Lifelines, and The Copenhagen-City Heart Study, and a cohort of individuals with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia were used to find and study rare GPR146 variants. RESULTS: In the UK-Biobank, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele present with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo (apolipoprotein) B, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoAI, CRP (C-reactive protein), and plasma liver enzymes compared with noncarriers. Carriers of the common rs1997243-G allele, associated with higher GPR146 expression, present with the exact opposite phenotype. The associations with plasma lipids of the above alleles are allele dose-dependent. Heterozygote carriers of a rare coding variant (p.Pro62Leu; n=2615), predicted to be damaging, show a stronger reductions in the above parameters compared with carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele. The p.Pro62Leu variant is furthermore shown to segregate with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a family with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Compared with controls, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele show a marginally reduced risk of coronary artery disease (P=0.03) concomitant with a small effect size on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (average decrease of 2.24 mg/dL in homozygotes) of this variant. Finally, mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between GPR146 gene expression and plasma lipid and liver enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that carriers of new genetic GPR146 variants have a beneficial cardiometabolic risk profile, but it remains to be shown whether genetic or pharmaceutical inhibition of GPR146 protects against atherosclerosis in humans

Genetic landscape of a large cohort of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency : New genes and pathways and implications for personalized medicine

Background Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), a public health problem, affects 1-3.7% of women under 40 yield-ing infertility and a shorter lifespan. Most causes are unknown. Recently, genetic causes were identified, mostly in single families. We studied an unprecedented large cohort of POI to unravel its molecular pathophysiology.Methods 375 patients with 70 families were studied using targeted (88 genes) or whole exome sequencing with pathogenic/likely-pathogenic variant selection. Mitomycin-induced chromosome breakages were studied in patients' lymphocytes if necessary. Findings A high-yield of 29.3% supports a clinical genetic diagnosis of POI. In addition, we found strong evidence of pathogenicity for nine genes not previously related to a Mendelian phenotype or POI: ELAVL2, NLRP11, CENPE, SPATA33, CCDC150, CCDC185, including DNA repair genes: C17orf53(HROB), HELQ, SWI5 yielding high chromo-somal fragility. We confirmed the causal role of BRCA2, FANCM, BNC1, ERCC6, MSH4, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, ESR2, CAV1, SPIDR, RCBTB1 and ATG7 previously reported in isolated patients/families. In 8.5% of cases, POI is the only symptom of a multi-organ genetic disease. New pathways were identified: NF-kB, post-translational regulation, and mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy), providing future therapeutic targets. Three new genes have been shown to affect the age of natural menopause supporting a genetic link.Interpretation We have developed high-performance genetic diagnostic of POI, dissecting the molecular pathogene-sis of POI and enabling personalized medicine to i) prevent/cure comorbidities for tumour/cancer susceptibility genes that could affect life-expectancy (37.4% of cases), or for genetically-revealed syndromic POI (8.5% of cases), ii) predict residual ovarian reserve (60.5% of cases). Genetic diagnosis could help to identify patients who may benefit from the promising in vitro activation-IVA technique in the near future, greatly improving its success in treating infertility.Funding Universite? Paris Saclay, Agence Nationale de Biome?decine.Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Peer reviewe

DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France

We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid-19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled-analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid-19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal-logistic models and pooled by a fixed-effect meta-analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti-CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid-19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled-analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid-19 in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon

Intérêt de la coronarographie précoce chez les patients réanimés après un arrêt cardio-respiratoire extra-hospitalier

Bien que la prise en charge des arrêts cardio-respiratoires (ACR) extra-hospitaliers récupérés ait évoluée ces dernières années et que la réalisation d'une coronarographie soit de plus en plus fréquente chez ces patients, le pronostic reste très sombre. Notre étude rétrospective, porte sur 76 patients consécutifs ayant été victime d'un ACR extra-hospitalier et qui ont été pris en charge et réanimés par le SMUR Mondor puis menés en salle de cathétérisme cardiaque. Dans notre étude la mortalité hospitalière est de 76%. En analyse multivariée, les facteurs indépendants liés à une meilleure survie sont: un rythme initial en fibrillation ventriculaire ou en tachycardie ventriculaire, la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire de base par les témoins, l'absence d'une mydriase à l'arrivée du SMUR sur les lieux et l'absence de nécessité d'adrénaline en intra-veineux continu après retour à une circulation spontanée. La réalisation d'une coronarographie dans les suites immédiates de l'ACR extra-hospitalier récupéré n'est pas statistiquement associé à une meilleure survie. Un antécédent de coronaropathie ou de diabète et certaines anomalies de l'électrocardiogramme réalisé en pré hospitalier ont une forte valeur prédictive positive pour prédire l'intérêt diagnostique ou thérapeutique d'une coronarographie précoce. Nos résultats ne confortent pas totalement ceux retrouvés dans la littérature. D'autres études sont donc nécessaires pour affiner les indications de la coronarographie après un ACR extra-hospitalier récupéréAlthough cardiac arrest management has changed recently and that coronarography is now frequently performed in patients resuscitated, prognosis remains poor after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Our retrospective study recorded 76 consecutive patients who had early coronarography after initial succesful resuscitation of an OHCA performed by units from the prehospital mobile emergency department of Mondor'hospital. In our study, in-hospital mortality was up to 76%. With multivariate analysis, independant associated factors with survival were : ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia as initial rhythm, basic life support performed by witnesses, lack of mydriasis at the time of the mobile emergency personnel arrives at the patient's side, and the lack of epinephrine continuous administration need after return to a spontaneous circulation. We have not observed a better outcome when early diagnostic or therapeutic coronarography was done. Antecedent of coronary disease or diabete or some abnormalities on the prehospital electrocardiogram have a highly positive predictive value of the diagnosis or therapeutic contribution of early coronarography. Our results do not confirm previous studies reporting a better outcome in patients who underwent immediate post resuscitation coronarography. Further studies are warranted in larger populations to precise for which group of patients early coronarography after initial succesful resuscitation might be beneficialPARIS12-CRETEIL BU Médecine (940282101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Le corps humain saisi par le Droit : entre liberté et propriété, Cahiers de la Recherche sur les Droit Fondamentaux n°15

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Enjeux juridiques et éthiques du consentement des personnes âgées à la téléconsultation : l'exemple Normand

International audienceTeleconsultation is now reaching a growing number of patients, encouraged by the Covid-19 health crisis and the desire to fight against medical deserts. The use of this technology does not exempt health.care professionals from obtaining the patient's consent, especially when the patient is elderly. Based on research conducted in Normandy, this article presents the legal and ethical issues involved in obtaining consent from an elderly patient and recommends the use of teleconsultation assisted by a third party, whether professional or notLa téléconsultation touche aujourd’hui un nombre croissant de patients, favorisée par la pandémie de Covid-19 et la volonté de lutter contre les déserts médicaux. L’utilisation de cette technologie ne dispense pas les professionnels de santé de recueillir le consentement du patient, en particulier lorsque celui-ci est âgé. S’appuyant sur un travail de recherche mené en Normandie, cet article entend présenter les enjeux, juridiques et éthiques, du recueil du consentement d’un patient âgé et préconise le recours à la téléconsultation assistée par un tiers, professionnel ou non