Sex differentials in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and non-communicable diseases in adult populations of West Kazakhstan

IntroductionThe prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing worldwide. Several modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and obesity, have been linked to the development of NCDs in both genders. Understanding the prevalence of these risk factors and their associated factors is crucial for effective intervention planning in adult populations. This study aimed to provide an overview of the prevalence and associated factors of these risk behaviors among different genders of adults in West Kazakhstan.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in four regions of West Kazakhstan. A stratified multistage sampling technique was utilized to obtain a representative sample size of 4,800 participants aged 18 -69 years. Trained researchers administered face-to-face interviews using validated questionnaires to gather information pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, alcohol drinking, dietary patterns, physical activity levels, body mass index (BMI), and prevalent diseases.ResultsThis study, which included 4,800 participants from West Kazakhstan, revealed some striking numerical findings. The overall prevalence rates of behavioral risk factors and metabolic conditions were as follows: smoking was 13.6% (95%CI: 3.2–24.0%), alcohol drinking was 47.0% (27.7–66.3%), current obesity was 22.3% (9.0–35.6%), and physical inactivity was 80.7% (55.4–106.0%). In addition, the overall prevalence rates of metabolic conditions were 25.6% (11.3–39.9%) for hypertension, 7.5% (0.2–15.2%) for diabetes, 11.8% (2.1–21.5%) for high cholesterol, and 13.0% (2.8–23.2%) for cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, a higher prevalence of high cholesterol was observed in men, and a greater prevalence of heart disease was identified in women. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that physical inactivity was associated with hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, while obesity was linked to hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart disease.DiscussionThis study in West Kazakhstan identified variations in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and NCDs, highlighting gender, age, and regional disparities. Notably, men showed higher rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, while women exhibited a greater prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity. Gender and regional differences were evident, with the West Kazakhstan region standing out for distinct patterns. Tailored interventions are crucial to address these disparities and enhance public health in the region

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

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IDIOSTYLE AS A MANIFESTATION OF LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR ON THE NOVEL “DOCTOR ZHIVAGO”

Idiostyle concept is recognition of linguistic resarces. The system of stylistic figures which uses the B.L.Pasternak in his novel “Doctor Zhivago”, composition structuring of the text, a variety of lexical, morphological an syntactical preferences are personal individual style options artistic image

DELIVERY OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FROM MICROENCAPSULATED CELLS

Monospecific immunoglobulins (monoclonal antibodies, MAb) of therapeutic interest have received significant attention since their development by Milstein and Kohler in 1975. The exquisite specificity of MAb, or the ability to bind exclusively to its target makes it a very promising tool in medical diagnosis and therapy. A large number of MAbs have been licensed and are used in the clinic today, particularly as anticancer agents. Nonetheless, the very high cost associated to the production and purification of MAbs is a significant challenge to their successful commercialization, since a treatment can cost upwards of $100,000 per patient. Since MAb purification is the greatest technical and economic challenge this proposal aims at exploring a novel strategy for the sustained and constant delivery of MAbs. The microcapsules are produced with electrostatic bead generation of the hydrogel alginate, which after gelation are cross-linked with cationic poly-L-lysine to produce stable microcapsules that are 200-400 micrometers in diameter. In addition to the polymer, the choice of judicious cells suitable for encapsulation is critical for the success of the proposed strategy. The microcapsules are permeable to IgG and nutrients, but not to immune cells. As a result of the immune isolation the enclosed allogeneic cells are not rejected, making tissue matching unnecessary for the treatment. This proposal is aimed at investigating the potential of encapsulated myoblasts and MSC cells to produce –and secrete- clinically relevant levels of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) aimed at preventing tumor growth such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as MAb against CD-20, to deplete tumorigenic B lymphocytes. Both MAbs have been proved efficacious in patients with carcinoma and lymphoma cancers, respectively. If successful, encapsulated cells will deliver constant, sustained clinically relevant amounts of functional MAb, making antibody delivery cost-effective. This novel strategy could have wide applications in the treatment of medical conditions such as various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases, which are already treated with monoclonal antibodies

Environmental Hazards of the Railway Infrastructure of Kazakhstan

The railway sector is the largest branch of the economy in Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, environmental safety issues and the reduction and prevention of harmful impacts are not given sufficient attention. There is very little research on the impact of the railway sector of Kazakhstan on the natural environment, which hinders the further development of the railway sector and thus necessitates the addressal of environment issues. This study aimed to show possible environmentally hazardous sections of the country’s railway infrastructure. The criteria chosen for the analysis were soil cover, water resources, rainfall, protected natural areas, and population. A map of environmentally sensitive areas was created to determine which areas require priority protection from the environmental hazards posed by the country’s railway infrastructure. The map was developed in a GIS environment using the weighted overlay, expert assessment, and snowball methods. Additionally, a model for the Kazakhstan segment of the International Northern Railway Corridor was constructed in this article to identify integral indices that assess the susceptibility of the territory to environmental hazards. The data and results presented in the article can be used to solve current and future environmental issues concerning the country’s railway communications and can be implemented in many practical applications

Table_1_Sex differentials in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and non-communicable diseases in adult populations of West Kazakhstan.DOCX

IntroductionThe prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing worldwide. Several modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and obesity, have been linked to the development of NCDs in both genders. Understanding the prevalence of these risk factors and their associated factors is crucial for effective intervention planning in adult populations. This study aimed to provide an overview of the prevalence and associated factors of these risk behaviors among different genders of adults in West Kazakhstan.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in four regions of West Kazakhstan. A stratified multistage sampling technique was utilized to obtain a representative sample size of 4,800 participants aged 18 -69 years. Trained researchers administered face-to-face interviews using validated questionnaires to gather information pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, alcohol drinking, dietary patterns, physical activity levels, body mass index (BMI), and prevalent diseases.ResultsThis study, which included 4,800 participants from West Kazakhstan, revealed some striking numerical findings. The overall prevalence rates of behavioral risk factors and metabolic conditions were as follows: smoking was 13.6% (95%CI: 3.2–24.0%), alcohol drinking was 47.0% (27.7–66.3%), current obesity was 22.3% (9.0–35.6%), and physical inactivity was 80.7% (55.4–106.0%). In addition, the overall prevalence rates of metabolic conditions were 25.6% (11.3–39.9%) for hypertension, 7.5% (0.2–15.2%) for diabetes, 11.8% (2.1–21.5%) for high cholesterol, and 13.0% (2.8–23.2%) for cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, a higher prevalence of high cholesterol was observed in men, and a greater prevalence of heart disease was identified in women. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that physical inactivity was associated with hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, while obesity was linked to hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart disease.DiscussionThis study in West Kazakhstan identified variations in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and NCDs, highlighting gender, age, and regional disparities. Notably, men showed higher rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, while women exhibited a greater prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity. Gender and regional differences were evident, with the West Kazakhstan region standing out for distinct patterns. Tailored interventions are crucial to address these disparities and enhance public health in the region.</p