Antithrombotic therapy and invasive procedures [5]

To the Editor: Baron et al. (May 30 issue) make important suggestions in their review article; however, we propose that quantitative assessment of iatrogenic bleeding hazards must be considered as well as thrombosis prevention. Although CHA2DS2–VASc scoring for atrial fibrillation is mentioned, the Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly (HAS-BLED) score for bleeding has also been validated. Both scores calculate estimated annual risks and benefits and hence can guide future therapy..

Migration of intraocular silicone oil to CNS: the role of elevated intraocular pressure and congenital optic nerve abnormalities

We have read with interest the article “Intracranial Migration of Intravitreal Silicone Oil: A Case Report” published by Kim et al. [1]. We would like to congratulate them for the phantom study of silicon oil (SiO) and perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL). We believe, however, that some discussion of this article is needed. In fact, we must clarify that, although both types of intraocular tamponade are used today, SiO is a long-term intraocular tamponade ..

OLA! A Scenario-Based Approach to Enhance Open Learning Through Accessibility

Open Educational Resources (OER) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) have not developed with an inherent capacity to attend to the needs of disabled students. In our research, we aim to understand the social, contextual and organisational issues behind these inadequacies. Through this, interventions and best practices can be developed to improve the situation

Exergy assessment of topsoil fertility

Soil degradation, affecting around 38% of the world''s cropland, threatens the global food supply. Due to the soil''s complexity, the measure of soil degradation that involves the loss of soil fertility due to crop system management processes represents an unsolved problem. Exergy is a property with the potential to be used in soil fertility and/or degradation analysis. A methodology to determine the exergy value fenced in a fertile soil due to its inorganic and organic components is established in this study and will be applied to evaluate soil fertility, degradation, and quality. As a first step, the exergy of perfect topsoil with optimum characteristics called "OptSOIL" is determined. The "OptSOIL" is established by agronomic expertise and will allow establishing a general theoretical reference suitable to execute exergy assessments of soils and compare the degradation grade of any soil concerning the best possible. Consequently, we introduce a perfect fertile planetary crust made of “OptNUT” and “OptSOM” invariant and independent of the different local textures, but not independent of their water content and aeration. We call this imaginary crust -copiously fertile- Pristinia as opposed to Thanatia, a dead state referring to abiotic resources. Thus, any real agricultural soil will be an intermediate soil between Pristinia and Thanatia. This idea might serve to quantitatively diagnose an assessment of all the concepts by which soil is degraded. The methodology has been validated through laboratory agronomic tests for different soils, concluding that exergy is a rigorous indicator to measure topsoil fertility. © 2021 The Author

Auditing the accessibility of MOOCs: a four-component approach

This paper reports the design of a four-component audit to evaluate the accessibility of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). The MOOC accessibility audit was designed as part of a research programme at The Open University (UK) that aimed to assess the current state of accessibility of MOOC platforms and resources, to uncover accessibility barriers, and to derive recommendations on how the barriers could be addressed. The audit is composed of four evaluation components: technical accessibility, user experience (UX), quality and learning design. The audit consists of four processes supported by checklists corresponding to each of the four components implemented via a heuristic evaluation approach, an evaluation technique from Human-Computer Interaction literatur

Usurpación de nidos de quebrantahuesos (Gypaetus barbatus) e interacciones interespecíficas por la ocupación del nido en el Pirineo central (Aragón)

El quebrantahuesos es una especie catalogada como “en peligro de extinción” en Europa, cuya fracción reproductora en los Pirineos se ha estimado en 125 unidades reproductoras (UR). En el Pirineo central (Aragón) en los últimos 15 años se ha producido un incremento de la población reproductora acompañado de un progresivo descenso de la productividad cuyas causas son objeto de discusión y pueden deberse a diversos factores. El periodo de reproducción del quebrantahuesos es muy extenso y coincide con el de otras rapaces que compiten por los emplazamientos de los nidos. Esto implica una importante inversión de tiempo y energía, por lo que la usurpación de nidos podría tener efectos negativos sobre el éxito reproductor. En Aragón entre 2005 y 2010 fueron usurpados 107 nidos de quebrantahuesos pertenecientes a 52 de las 72 UR controladas. La mayor parte de los nidos (95,3% de los casos; n = 102) fueron usurpados por buitre leonado (Gyps fulvus), aunque también por alimoche común (Neophron percnopterus) (4,7% de los casos; n = 5). El Pirineo Axial acogió tanto el mayor porcentaje de UR con nidos usurpados como la UR con un mayor número de nidos usurpados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la productividad entre UR que habían sufrido usurpación y los que no la habían padecido. El buitre leonado posee una similar distribución espacial y parecidos requerimientos ecológicos al quebrantahuesos, mayor corpulencia y agresividad así como similar fenología de puesta temprana. El aumento demográfico del buitre leonado en Aragón podría estar provocando una mayor usurpación de nidos de quebrantahuesos en los Pirineos.El presente trabajo se ha elaborado dentro del Convenio Marco de Colaboración suscrito entre el Gobierno de Aragón y la FCQ (2008-2011), por el cual se desarrollaron diferentes acciones del Plan de Recuperación del quebrantahuesos en Aragón (D. 45/2003). Pascual López-López disfruta de una beca postdoctoral del programa “Juan de la Cierva” del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (referencia JCI-2011-09588)

Optical coherence tomography in patients with chronic migraine: Literature review and update

Migraine is a chronic disease characterized by unilateral, pulsating, and often moderate-to-severe recurrent episodes of headache with nausea and vomiting. It affects approximately 15% of the general population, yet the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a safe and reproducible diagnostic technique that utilizes infrared wavelengths and has a sensitivity of 8-10 µm. It can be used to measure thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in some neurological disorders. Although ophthalmologists are often the first specialists to examine patients with migraine, few studies have addressed the involvement of the optic nerve and retino-choroidal structures in this group. We reviewed the literature on the etiological and pathological mechanisms of migraine and the relationship between recurrent constriction of cerebral and retrobulbar vessels and ischemic damage to the optic nerve, retina, and choroid. We also assessed the role of OCT for measuring peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular and choroidal changes in migraine patients. There is considerable evidence of cerebral and retrobulbar vascular involvement in the etiology of migraine. Transitory and recurrent constriction of the retinal and ciliary arteries may cause ischemic damage to the optic nerve, retina, and choroid in patients with migraine. OCT to assess the thickness of the peripapillary RNFL, macula, and choroid might increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine and facilitate diagnosis of retino-choroidal compromise and follow-up of therapy in migraine patients. Future studies should determine the usefulness of OCT findings as a biomarker of migraine

Evolution of BCGs structural parameters in the last ∼\sim6 Gyr: feedback processes versus merger events

We present results on the evolution in the last 6 Gyr of the structural parameters of two samples of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). The nearby sample of BCGs consist on 69 galaxies from the WINGS survey spanning a redshift range of 0.04$<$z$<$0.07. The intermediate redshift (0.3$<$z$<$0.6) sample is formed by 20 BCGs extracted from the Hubble Space Telescope archive. Both samples have similar spatial resolution and their host clusters have similar X-ray luminosities. We report an increase in the size of the BCGs from intermediate to local redshift. However, we do not detect any variation in the S\'ersic shape parameter in both samples. These results are proved to be robust since the observed tendencies are model independent. We also obtain significant correlations between some of the BCGs parameters and the main properties of the host clusters. More luminous, larger and centrally located BCGs are located in more massive and dominant galaxy clusters. These facts indicate that the host galaxy cluster has played an important role in the formation of their BCGs. We discuss the possible mechanisms that can explain the observed evolution of the structural parameters of the BCGs. We conclude that the main mechanisms that can explain the increase in size and the non-evolution in the S\'ersic shape parameter of the BCGs in the last 6 Gyr are feedback processes. This result disagrees with semi-analytical simulation results supporting that merging processes are the main responsible for the evolution of the BCGs until the present epoch.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; 17 pages, 7 figures; 10 table

Next Generation Cosmology: Constraints from the Euclid Galaxy Cluster Survey

We study the characteristics of the galaxy cluster samples expected from the European Space Agency's Euclid satellite and forecast constraints on cosmological parameters describing a variety of cosmological models. The method used in this paper, based on the Fisher Matrix approach, is the same one used to provide the constraints presented in the Euclid Red Book (Laureijs et al.2011). We describe the analytical approach to compute the selection function of the photometric and spectroscopic cluster surveys. Based on the photometric selection function, we forecast the constraints on a number of cosmological parameter sets corresponding to different extensions of the standard LambdaCDM model. The dynamical evolution of dark energy will be constrained to Delta w_0=0.03 and Delta w_a=0.2 with free curvature Omega_k, resulting in a (w_0,w_a) Figure of Merit (FoM) of 291. Including the Planck CMB covariance matrix improves the constraints to Delta w_0=0.02, Delta w_a=0.07 and a FoM=802. The amplitude of primordial non-Gaussianity, parametrised by f_NL, will be constrained to \Delta f_NL ~ 6.6 for the local shape scenario, from Euclid clusters alone. Using only Euclid clusters, the growth factor parameter \gamma, which signals deviations from GR, will be constrained to Delta \gamma=0.02, and the neutrino density parameter to Delta Omega_\nu=0.0013 (or Delta \sum m_\nu=0.01). We emphasise that knowledge of the observable--mass scaling relation will be crucial to constrain cosmological parameters from a cluster catalogue. The Euclid mission will have a clear advantage in this respect, thanks to its imaging and spectroscopic capabilities that will enable internal mass calibration from weak lensing and the dynamics of cluster galaxies. This information will be further complemented by wide-area multi-wavelength external cluster surveys that will already be available when Euclid flies. [Abridged]Comment: submitted to MNRA