Sperm death and dumping in Drosophila

Mating with more than one male is the norm for females of many species. In addition to generating competition between the ejaculates of different males, multiple mating may allow females to bias sperm use. In Drosophila melanogaster, the last male to inseminate a female sires approximately 80% of subsequent progeny. Both sperm displacement, where resident sperm are removed from storage by the incoming ejaculate of the copulating male, and sperm incapacitation, where incoming seminal fluids supposedly interfere with resident sperm, have been implicated in this pattern of sperm use. But the idea of incapacitation is problematic because there are no known mechanisms by which an individual could damage rival sperm and not their own. Females also influence the process of sperm use, but exactly how is unclear. Here we show that seminal fluids do not kill rival sperm and that any 'incapacitation' is probably due to sperm ageing during sperm storage. We also show that females release stored sperm from the reproductive tract (sperm dumping) after copulation with a second male and that this requires neither incoming sperm nor seminal fluids. Instead, males may cause stored sperm to be dumped or females may differentially eject sperm from the previous mating

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

L'interaction entre l'ocytocine et la dopamine chez l'homme : implications pour la neurobiologie de la personnalité sociale

The neurohormone oxytocin (OT) is increasingly studied for its therapeutic potential in social disorders, like autism, which are associated with the deregulation of several neurotransmission systems, including OT and serotonin (5-HT). Hence investigating OT’s interactions with other neurotransmitters is a relevant step towards mechanism-based treatments. Studies in rodents demonstrated that the interaction between OT and 5-HT, is critical for several aspects of social behaviour. Moreover, using PET-scan in humans we have recently found that 5-HT 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) function is modified after intra-nasal oxytocin intake. Thus I performed a first experiment in which intra-nasal OT was administered to patients with autism undergoing a [18F]MPPF (a 5-HT1AR radiotracer) PET scanner, in order to study their basal serotonergic system and to look if the oxytocin modulates the 5-HT1AR system. I found no differences of baseline 5-HT1AR concentration between 18 autistic subjects and 24 controls. Critically, in patients, OT did not induce changes on the 5-HT1AR system. Moreover, in controls, there was a correlation between 5-HT1AR and grey matter volume in the striatum, that was not observed in patients. These results suggest a subtle disruption of patients’ serotonergic system, that can only be seen at the functional level. Because PET scan does not tell us if the observed modification is due to a change in 5-HT1AR or 5-HT concentration, I performed a second PET scan experiment on 3 macaque monkeys, using [18F]MPPF and [11C]DASB, that marks the serotonin transporter. Compared to placebo, OT injections in the lateral ventricle significantly reduced [11C]DASB binding potential in right amygdala, insula and hippocampus whereas [18F]MPPF binding potential increased in right amygdala and insula. Thus we reproduced results obtained in healthy humans and extended it by suggesting that OT provokes the release of 5-HT in key limbic regions involved in socio-emotional processing. These results were confirmed with autoradiography.Taken together, these experiments indicate that OT modulates 5-HT release in primates, but this mechanism is disrupted in patients with autism. This opens ways to investigate combined OT/5-HT treatments, especially since FDA approved drugs targeting the two systems are already available for use in patients with autismLa neurohormone ocytocine (OT) est de plus en plus étudiée pour son potentiel thérapeutique dans les troubles du comportement social, comme l'autisme, qui sont associés à une dérégulation de plusieurs systèmes de neurotransmission, notamment l'OT et la sérotonine (5-HT). Dans ce cadre, une étape importante afin de développer des médicaments basés sur des mécanismes biologiques est de caractériser les interactions entre l'OT et les autres neurotransmetteurs. La littérature sur les rongeurs montre que la relation entre OT et 5-HT est fortement impliquée dans plusieurs aspects du comportement social. Par ailleurs, nous avons récemment montré chez le sujet sain que le fonctionnement du récepteur 5-HT 1A (5-HT1AR) est modifié suite à l'administration d'OT.neuroJ'ai donc réalisé une première expérience chez des patients autistes en utilisant le scanner TEP avec le radiotraceur [18F]MPPF (spécifique du 5-HT1AR). Aucune différence n'est apparue, à l'état basal, entre 18 patients autistes et 24 sujets contrôles. Par ailleurs, l'OT n'a pas modifié le système 5-HT1AR. Enfin, alors qu'une corrélation entre la densité de 5-HT1AR et le volume de matière grise du striatum a été observé dans le groupe contrôle, cette relation était absente dans le groupe de patients. Ces résultats suggèrent une altération subtile du 5-HT1AR, ne pouvant être détectée qu'au niveau fonctionnel.Parce que le scanner TEP ne permet pas de dire si les changements observés sont dus à une libération de sérotonine ou à une modification directe du récepteur, j'ai réalisé une deuxième expérience chez 3 macaques rhésus, avec le [18F]MPPF et le [11C]DASB (marquant le transporteur de la 5-HT). Par rapport au placebo, l'OT injectée dans le ventricule latéral a significativement augmenté la liaison du [18F]MPPF dans l'amygdale et l'insula tandis que la liaison du [11C]DASB diminuait dans ces mêmes régions. Ainsi, nous pouvons dire que l'OT a provoqué la libération de 5-HT ainsi qu'une modification du 5-HT1AR dans ces régions importantes pour les comportements socio-émotionnels. Une étude par autoradiographie a confirmé cette interprétation.Ces expériences montrent qu'il existe une action régulatrice de l'OT sur la 5-HT chez le primate, mais que ce mécanisme est dérégulé chez les patients avec autisme. Cela ouvre donc la voie à l'investigation de traitements combinés exerçant un effet sur ces deux neurotransmetteur

Le toucher favorise les interactions sociales via l’ocytocine

International audienceNo abstract availabl

Developmentally regulated recruitment of transcription factors and chromatin remodelling activities to chicken lysozyme cis-regulatory elements in vivo

Expression of the chicken lysozyme gene is upregulated during macrophage differentiation and reaches its highest level in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. This is accompanied by complex alterations in chromatin structure. We have previously shown that chromatin fine-structure alterations precede the onset of gene expression in macrophage precursor cells and mark the lysozyme chromatin domain for expression later in development. To further examine this phenomenon and to investigate the basis for the differentiation-dependent alterations of lysozyme chromatin, we studied the recruitment of transcription factors to the lysozyme locus in vivo at different stages of myeloid differentiation. Factor recruitment occurred in several steps. First, early-acting transcription factors such as NF1 and Fli-1 bound to a subset of enhancer elements and recruited CREB-binding protein. LPS stimulation led to an additional recruitment of C/EBPβ and a significant change in enhancer and promoter structure. Transcription factor recruitment was accompanied by specific changes in histone modification within the lysozyme chromatin domain. Interestingly, we present evidence for a transient interaction of transcription factors with lysozyme chromatin in lysozyme-nonexpressing macrophage precursors, which was accompanied by a partial demethylation of CpG sites. This indicates that a partially accessible chromatin structure of lineage-specific genes is a hallmark of hematopoietic progenitor cells