DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE ENCAPSULATED IN PCL NANOPARTICLES

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of encapsulation efficiency of zidovudine in nanoparticules. The method was carried out in isocratic mode using 0.040M sodium acetate: methanol: acetonitrile: glacial acetic acid (880:100:20:2) as mobile phase, a C8 column at 25ºC and UV detection at 240 nm. The method was linear (r2 ˃ 0.99) over the range of 25.0-150.0 μg/mL, precise (RSD ˂ 5%), accurate (recovery = 100.5%), robust and selective. The validated HPLC-UV method can be successfully applied to determine the rate of zidovudine in nanoparticules.A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of encapsulation efficiency of zidovudine in nanoparticules. The method was carried out in isocratic mode using 0.040M sodium acetate: methanol: acetonitrile: glacial acetic acid (880:100:20:2) as mobile phase, a C8 column at 25ºC and UV detection at 240 nm. The method was linear (r2 ˃ 0.99) over the range of 25.0-150.0 μg/mL, precise (RSD ˂ 5%), accurate (recovery = 100.5%), robust and selective. The validated HPLC-UV method can be successfully applied to determine the rate of zidovudine in nanoparticules

Oral myiasis in a patient with neurological deficit - Case report / Miíase oral em paciente com déficit neurológico - Relato de caso

The term "myiasis" refers to human and animal parasites caused by fly larvae. The clinical manifestations of myiasis are not specific, they vary according to the area of the body involved and the species of fly. It is strongly associated with poor oral hygiene and is seen in people with predisposing conditions, such as lack of lip sealing due to malocclusion, tooth extraction, decreased body resistance, malnutrition, open-mouth breathing (especially during sleep), alcoholism, senility, neurological disorder, hemiplegia and facial trauma. The present work describes the particularities of diagnosis and treatment of a case of oral myiasis. A 17-year-old male patient with neurological deficit, totally dependent on his daily life activities. Oral examination revealed poor oral hygiene, presence of periodontitis and lesions in the palate and gingival regions, with swelling and presence of large numbers of larvae. Surgery under local anaesthesia was performed. After exposure of the affected region, the larvae were removed. Sixty-two larvae of various sizes were observed. Early and correct diagnosis of oral myiasis can be easily treated by the dentist by mechanical removal of the larvae with or without the use of local chemicals, with a favourable prognosis

Tissue response evaluation of the mucosa of the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs, when receiving biodegradable implant

PURPOSE:To evaluate the tissue response of the mucosa of the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs, when receiving biodegradable implant.METHODS:A total of 20 male guinea pigs were divided into 2 groups. After paracentesis in both ears, a biodegradable polymer of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid was implanted in only one middle ear. Histological analysis using neutrophil exudate and vascular neoformation (acute inflammation) and fibroblast proliferation and mononuclear inflammatory cells (chronic inflammation) as parameters was performed after 10 and 30 days of survival (groups 1 and 2, respectively).RESULTS:Four ears in group 1 and 7 in group 2 had an increase of neutrophil exudate. Vascular neoformation occurred in ears with or without the implant, in both groups. Fibroblast proliferation and mononuclear inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) increased in ears with implant in group 2.CONCLUSION:The tissue response by histological analysis of the mucosa of the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs, when receiving biodegradable implant, showed no statistically significant difference between ears with or without the implant.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Department of OtorhinolaryngologyFederal University of Minas Gerais Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas GeraisUSP Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao PretoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryFederal University of São PauloFederal University of São Paulo Medical SchoolUNIFESP, EPM, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUNIFESP, EPM, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryUNIFESP, Medical SchoolSciEL

Design of a school randomized trial for nudging students towards healthy diet and physical activity to prevent obesity:PAAPAS Nudge study protocol

Submitted by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-06-26T13:41:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Cunha_Diana_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 188285 bytes, checksum: 9c5af1590f81759ea357050b01c74cce (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-06-26T14:10:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Cunha_Diana_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 188285 bytes, checksum: 9c5af1590f81759ea357050b01c74cce (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-26T14:10:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Cunha_Diana_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 188285 bytes, checksum: 9c5af1590f81759ea357050b01c74cce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Brazilian Navy. Naval Academy. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fluminense Federal University. Institute of Collective Health. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Niterói, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fluminense Federal University. Institute of Collective Health. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Niterói, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Nutrition Institute. Department of Social Nutrition. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Nutrition Institute. Department of Social Nutrition. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.University of Copenhagen. Department of Food Science. Copenhagen, Denmark.Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Department of Social and Applied Nutrition. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.State University of Rio de Janeiro. Social Medicine Institute. Department of Epidemiology. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nudge activities at school on the students’ body mass index (BMI). Design: School-based factorial randomized community trial. Setting: Eighteen public schools in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Participants and intervention: The 18 schools will be randomized into 4 group arms: group 1—control (without any activity); group 2—will receive educational activities in the classroom; group 3—will receive changes in the school environment (nudge strategies); group 4—will receive educational activities and changes in the school environment. Activities will occur during the 2018 school-year. Main outcomemeasure(s): The primary (BMI) and secondary (body fat percentage) outcomes will be assessed at baseline and after the study using a portable electronic scale with a segmental body composition monitor. The height will be measured by a portable stadiometer. Analysis: Statistical analyses for each outcome will be conducted through linear mixed models that took into account the missing data and cluster effect of the schools. Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index, CONSORT = Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, PAAPPAS = Portuguese abbreviation of parents, students, community health agents and teachers for healthy eating, Rec24-h = 24-hour recall, SLM = Smarter Lunchrooms Movement

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years