Impacto del comercio electrónico en las redes sociales sobre la decisión de compra en ciudadanos asentados en el Valle de Aburrá

Electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce, involves buying and selling products, goods and services, through electronic devices, mainly on internet and other data networks. This research study was carried out in order to analyze the impact of advertising both on social networks and on the participants’ buying decisions for products, goods and services, as well as to identity the means of payment used. Finally, this study will help to know the preferences of the studied population regarding the platforms and web pages used when making purchases. For this purpose, a quantitative methodology with a descriptive-relational approach was used through a non-parametric analysis with the Chi-square test, contrasting the hypotheses and the population, with the purpose of determining the consumer's behavior in a virtual shopping environment. A measuring instrument focused on the analysis of the data obtained was applied, based on a survey administered to a population group of different ages.  Additionally, the Cronbach Alpha test was used, which assesses the reliability based on the measurability tool administered to individuals over 18 years of age. One of the most relevant findings was that social networks, due to its dynamics and growing use, are a very feasible option to expand sales.El comercio electrónico, también conocido como e-commerce, consiste en la compra y venta de productos, bienes y servicios, a través de dispositivos electrónicos, principalmente internet y otras redes de datos. Esta investigación se desarrolla con el fin de analizar el impacto que tiene la publicidad en las redes sociales y cómo incide en las personas al momento de decidir adquirir productos, bienes y servicios, así mismo, identificar los medios de pago que utilizan. Finalmente, ayudará a conocer cuáles son sus preferencias respecto a las plataformas y páginas que utilizan al momento de realizar sus compras. Para tal fin, se utiliza una metodología cuantitativa de corte descriptivo-relacional a través de análisis no paramétrico con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado, contrastando las hipótesis y la población, con el propósito de determinar el comportamiento del consumidor en el entorno de las compras virtuales, por lo cual se aplica un instrumento de medición enfocado al análisis de datos obtenidos, a partir de una encuesta a un grupo poblacional de diferentes edades. De igual forma, se emplea la prueba Alfa de Cronbach, que determina la confiabilidad a partir del instrumento de mensurabilidad, realizada a personas mayores de 18 años, arrojando como resultado más relevante que las redes sociales, por su uso y su dinámica que crece año a año, son una opción muy viable para apuntarle a nuevas formas de tener ventas en los negocios

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18-72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18-73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.55 years (95% CI: 2.91, 4.19; I$^{2}$ = 57.53%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age, sex and site (Cohen's d = 0.48). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18-72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18-73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.55 years (95% CI: 2.91, 4.19; I2 = 57.53%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age, sex and site (Cohen's d = 0.48). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden

Monografía de Informe de práctica en Team Foods

La empresa objeto de la presente Monografía de Informe de Práctica es Team Foods, una multinacional con presencia en Chile, México y Colombia. Allí se inició la práctica empresarial en el área de mercadeo el día 10 de enero de 2012 para trabajar con las marcas Gourmet y Girasoli y finalizó en 9 de enero de 2013. La decisión por la cual se seleccionó Team Foods como empresa para realizar la práctica empresarial, reside fundamentalmente en el deseo de trabajar en una compañía nacional que ofreciera grandes oportunidades de aprendizaje en el área de mercadeo. Factores como la cultura y el clima organizacional eran criterios significativos que influyeron a la hora de elegir la empresa.Marco teórico. La práctica. Conclusiones y recomendaciones. Bibliografía. Índice de tablas. Índice de gráficas.Administrador de EmpresasPregrad

Nuevos rumbos legislativos al final de la Guerra Fría: Alemania, República Checa y Rusia

El presente estudio teórico tiene como objetivo describir y analizar el sistema parlamentario que se estableció al fin de la Guerra Fría en Alemania, República Checa y Rusia, después de la caída del Muro de Berlín. Se considera como punto de arranque el cambio del sistema político, que dio paso a una economía de mercado y a una democracia moderna. También, se analiza la disciplina parlamentaria como un insumo para la gobernabilidad dentro de un nuevo régimen político del poder legislativo. Se abordan conceptos como cohesión, disciplina y unidad para entender la actuación de dicho poder en función del régimen político del momento. Mediante la visualización de la dinámica operativa del sistema parlamentario, se evidencia la tendencia del congreso hacia un esquema democrático. La metodología utilizada es teórica, descriptiva y deductiva

Percepción ciudadana de los derechos humanos: el caso de Monterrey, Nuevo León

La violación de los derechos humanos niega el ejercicio de libertades y oportunidades adquiridas por una persona o grupo. Dichas violaciones pueden ser cometidas por todos los actores de la sociedad y por el gobierno mismo. En México, principalmente en los estados del norte, la discriminación es uno de los casos más evidentes, ya sea por la condición social o las preferencias sexuales, lo que genera una grave violación al derecho a la igualdad. Este artículo presenta un breve panorama de la evolución histórica de los derechos humanos en el mundo, sus definiciones y características, así como su aplicación e importancia en la legislación mexicana. A la vez, se analiza la percepción de los ciudadanos de Monterrey en materia de derechos humanos, para lo cual se toma como referencia el estudio de caso realizado por la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Letras y Encajes

En Colombia, la pionera había sido la revista bogotana La Mujer, creada 50 años antes y dirigida por la escritora Soledad Acosta de Samper. Sin embargo, mientras La Mujer se publicó solo por cuatro años, Letras y Encajes fue editada mensualmente durante 33 años, hasta 1959. Una aventura de estas pareciera ser un ejemplo de emancipación femenina, pero al revisar la publicación es fácil encontrarse con una postura conservadora que, con todo, da cuenta de cómo se entendía a la mujer a principios del siglo veinte.Letras y Encajes publica su primer número en 1926; esta revista fue fundada por mujeres de la clase dirigente de Medellín, muchas de ellas socias de la institución cultural Centro Femenino de Estudios (Sofía Ospina de Navarro, Teresa Santamaría de González, Ángela Villa de Toro y Alicia Merizalde de Echavarría), a lo largo del tiempo se consolidó como la revista femenina más importante del país, dirigida a mujeres de la clase alta y media, abordaba temas que giraban alrededor del hogar, la religión, la literatura y la moda de la época. La revista circuló mensualmente hasta 1959. Sus principales redactoras eran mujeres, pero contaba con la colaboración ocasional de algunos hombres y con traducciones de autores y autoras extranjeras