La lectura con recombinación de pseudopalabras impresas en pseudo-alfabeto: semejanza entre las palabras y el tamaño de la unidad enseñada

La discrimination des textuels est essentielle pour la lecture de nouveaux mots (lecture recombinant). Cette étude a employé des pseudomots dictés et imprimés avec un pseudo-alphabet pour étudier les effets de la similitude entre les mots et de lextension de lunité textuelle enseignée sur le développement de la lecture recombinant. Dans lExp. 1, universitaires ont appris des relations conditionnelles entre pseudomots dictés et imprimés qui ont différé des mots incorrects dans 25% et 75% des éléments. Dans l´Exp. 2, dautres universitaires ont appris a relation des lettres ou des syllabes dictées à correspondantes imprimées et après ils ont appris les relations avec les pseudo-mots. Lacquisition des discriminations était plus rapide à Condition Différence 75%; la lecture recombinante a été liée à la quantité de mots enseignés (Exp. 1). La lecture a montré plus dexactitude juste après lapprentissage des relations avec des syllabes, mais la lecture recombinante a été favorisée par lapprentissage des lettres. Combiner lenseignement des mots plus différents et des unités denseignement petites peut accélérer la lecture recombinante.Discriminative control by textual elements is a requisite for reading new words (recombinative reading). This study used pseudowords printed with pseudo-alphabet to evaluate the effects of the similarity between words and the size of teaching units on the development of recombinative reading. In Exp. 1, undergraduate students learned conditional relations between spoken and printed pseudowords which differed from incorrect words in 25% and 75% of the elements. In Exp. 2, undergraduate students learned to relate spoken letters or syllables to the corresponding printed units and afterwards they learned the conditional relations with pseudowords. The acquisition of discriminations was faster during the Condition 75%; recombinative reading was related to the amount of trained words (Exp. 1). Reading accuracy was higher after learning syllables, but more recombinative reading occurred after learning letters (Exp. 2). The teaching that combines dissimilar words and units smaller than words may accelerate recombinative reading.El control discriminatorio por elementos textuales es necesario para que se lea nuevas palabras (lectura con recombinación). Ese estudio utilizó pseudopalabras impresas en pseudo-alfabeto para investigar los efectos de la semejanza entre palabras y del tamaño de la unidad textual enseñada sobre el desarrollo de la lectura con recombinación. En el Exp. 1 universitarios aprendieron relaciones condicionales entre pseudopalabras dictadas e impresas que se diferenciaban de las palabras incorrectas en 25% y 75% de los elementos. En el Exp. 2, otros estudiantes aprendieron a relacionar letras o sílabas dictadas con sus correspondientes unidades impresas y después aprendieron las relaciones involucrando las pseudopalabras. Adquisición de las discriminaciones fue más rápida en la Condición Diferencia 75%; la lectura con recombinación estuvo relacionada con la cantidad de palabras entrenadas (Exp.1). Exp. 2 demostró mayor precisión de lectura después de la aprendizaje de silabas, pero la lectura con recombinación fue favorecida por la aprendizaje de letras. Conciliar la enseñanza de palabras disímiles y de unidades más pequeñas que palabras puede acelerarse la lectura con recombinación.Controle discriminativo por elementos textuais é requisito para a leitura de palavras novas (leitura recombinativa). Este estudo empregou pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas em pseudo-alfabeto para avaliar os efeitos da similaridade entre palavras e da extensão da unidade textual ensinada sobre o desenvolvimento de leitura recombinativa. No Experimento 1 universitários aprenderam relações condicionais entre pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas que diferiam das incorretas em 25% ou 75% dos elementos. No Experimento 2 outros universitários aprenderam a relacionar letras ou sílabas ditadas às correspondentes modalidades impressas e subsequentemente aprenderam relações envolvendo pseudopalavras. A aquisição das discriminações foi mais rápida na Condição Diferença 75%; a leitura recombinativa dependeu da quantidade de palavras ensinadas (Exp.1). A leitura foi mais precisa após a aprendizagem de sílabas, mas ocorreu mais recombinação após a aprendizagem de letras (Exp. 2). Combinar o ensino de palavras dissimilares e de unidades menores que a palavra pode acelerar a leitura recombinativa

Physical evaluation of the luting systems for veneer ceramic after aging / Avaliação física dos sistemas de cimentação para faceta cerâmica após envelhecimento

The aim of this in vitro study was evaluated the amount of color change and degree of conversion of the luting systems for ceramic veneer cementation. Forty-eight human incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n=8) according to the bonding procedure: RelyX Veneer/Single Bond 2; RelyX ARC/Single Bond 2; Filtek Z350 XT Flowable /Single Bond 2; Variolink Veneer/Tetric N-Bond; Variolink II/Tetric N-Bond; Tetric N-Flow/Tetric N-Bond. Ceramic veneers (IPS Empress Esthetic) were cemented using the different bonding procedures. Color differences of the ceramic surface after cementation and 300 h(150kJ/m2) of UV aging test, were examined with a colorimeter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to evaluate the degree of conversion for each luting system. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). All the luting systems demonstrated significant changes in color stability. The ΔE of the systems ranged from 6,11 to 9,33. Tetric N-Flow and RelyX Veneer showed the highest degree of conversion, while lowest values were found for RelyX ARC. All luting systems demonstrated clinically unacceptable (ΔE≥ 3.3) color changes. Despite to the dual cure of the RelyX ARC luting cement, it showed the lowest degree of conversion values, while Tetric N-Flow and RelyX Veneer presented the highest and similar degree of conversion

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Leitura recombinativa de pseudopalavras impressas em pseudoalfabeto: similaridade entre palavras e extensão da unidade ensinada

Controle discriminativo por elementos textuais é requisito para a leitura de palavras novas (leitura recombinativa). Este estudo empregou pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas em pseudo-alfabeto para avaliar os efeitos da similaridade entre palavras e da extensão da unidade textual ensinada sobre o desenvolvimento de leitura recombinativa. No Experimento 1 universitários aprenderam relações condicionais entre pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas que diferiam das incorretas em 25% ou 75% dos elementos. No Experimento 2 outros universitários aprenderam a relacionar letras ou sílabas ditadas às correspondentes modalidades impressas e subsequentemente aprenderam relações envolvendo pseudopalavras. A aquisição das discriminações foi mais rápida na Condição Diferença 75%; a leitura recombinativa dependeu da quantidade de palavras ensinadas (Exp.1). A leitura foi mais precisa após a aprendizagem de sílabas, mas ocorreu mais recombinação após a aprendizagem de letras (Exp. 2). Combinar o ensino de palavras dissimilares e de unidades menores que a palavra pode acelerar a leitura recombinativa

La lectura con recombinación de pseudopalabras impresas en pseudo-alfabeto: semejanza entre las palabras y el tamaño de la unidad enseñada

Controle discriminativo por elementos textuais é requisito para a leitura de palavras novas (leitura recombinativa). Este estudo empregou pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas em pseudo-alfabeto para avaliar os efeitos da similaridade entre palavras e da extensão da unidade textual ensinada sobre o desenvolvimento de leitura recombinativa. No Experimento 1 universitários aprenderam relações condicionais entre pseudopalavras ditadas e impressas que diferiam das incorretas em 25% ou 75% dos elementos. No Experimento 2 outros universitários aprenderam a relacionar letras ou sílabas ditadas às correspondentes modalidades impressas e subsequentemente aprenderam relações envolvendo pseudopalavras. A aquisição das discriminações foi mais rápida na Condição Diferença 75%; a leitura recombinativa dependeu da quantidade de palavras ensinadas (Exp.1). A leitura foi mais precisa após a aprendizagem de sílabas, mas ocorreu mais recombinação após a aprendizagem de letras (Exp. 2). Combinar o ensino de palavras dissimilares e de unidades menores que a palavra pode acelerar a leitura recombinativa.Discriminative control by textual elements is a requisite for reading new words (recombinative reading). This study used pseudowords printed with pseudo-alphabet to evaluate the effects of the similarity between words and the size of teaching units on the development of recombinative reading. In Exp. 1, undergraduate students learned conditional relations between spoken and printed pseudowords which differed from incorrect words in 25% and 75% of the elements. In Exp. 2, undergraduate students learned to relate spoken letters or syllables to the corresponding printed units and afterwards they learned the conditional relations with pseudowords. The acquisition of discriminations was faster during the Condition 75%; recombinative reading was related to the amount of trained words (Exp. 1). Reading accuracy was higher after learning syllables, but more recombinative reading occurred after learning letters (Exp. 2). The teaching that combines dissimilar words and units smaller than words may accelerate recombinative reading.La discrimination des textuels est essentielle pour la lecture de nouveaux mots (lecture recombinant). Cette étude a employé des pseudomots dictés et imprimés avec un pseudo-alphabet pour étudier les effets de la similitude entre les mots et de l extension de l unité textuelle enseignée sur le développement de la lecture recombinant. Dans l Exp. 1, universitaires ont appris des relations conditionnelles entre pseudomots dictés et imprimés qui ont différé des mots incorrects dans 25% et 75% des éléments. Dans l´Exp. 2, d autres universitaires ont appris a relation des lettres ou des syllabes dictées à correspondantes imprimées et après ils ont appris les relations avec les pseudo-mots. L acquisition des discriminations était plus rapide à Condition Différence 75%; la lecture recombinante a été liée à la quantité de mots enseignés (Exp. 1). La lecture a montré plus d exactitude juste après l apprentissage des relations avec des syllabes, mais la lecture recombinante a été favorisée par l apprentissage des lettres. Combiner l enseignement des mots plus différents et des unités d enseignement petites peut accélérer la lecture recombinante.El control discriminatorio por elementos textuales es necesario para que se lea nuevas palabras (lectura con recombinación). Ese estudio utilizó pseudopalabras impresas en pseudo-alfabeto para investigar los efectos de la semejanza entre palabras y del tamaño de la unidad textual enseñada sobre el desarrollo de la lectura con recombinación. En el Exp. 1 universitarios aprendieron relaciones condicionales entre pseudopalabras dictadas e impresas que se diferenciaban de las palabras incorrectas en 25% y 75% de los elementos. En el Exp. 2, otros estudiantes aprendieron a relacionar letras o sílabas dictadas con sus correspondientes unidades impresas y después aprendieron las relaciones involucrando las pseudopalabras. Adquisición de las discriminaciones fue más rápida en la Condición Diferencia 75%; la lectura con recombinación estuvo relacionada con la cantidad de palabras entrenadas (Exp.1). Exp. 2 demostró mayor precisión de lectura después de la aprendizaje de silabas, pero la lectura con recombinación fue favorecida por la aprendizaje de letras. Conciliar la enseñanza de palabras disímiles y de unidades más pequeñas que palabras puede acelerarse la lectura con recombinación

Qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de erva sal

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05). Lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations for pornunça silage showed a quadratic behavior according to the increasing old man saltbush inclusion levels (P < 0.05). The highest contribution of old man saltbush in the silages promoted changes in the profile of organic acids, allowing an improvement in silage quality, favoring lactic fermentation rather than acetic fermentation. Butyric acid contents were low for all treatments and indicated the control of undesirable fermentation processes. These results indicate that old man saltbush inclusion in silage composition may contribute to bromatological composition and fermentation process of the studied silages.Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal em sua composição. Para tanto, foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 níveis de inclusão de erva sal (Atriplex numulária Lindl.) (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) em silagens de Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e Pornunça (Manihot sp.), com 5 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 mini silos experimentais que foram mantidos em galpão coberto e livre de animais oportunistas. Decorridos 100 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos, desprezando-se a silagem dos primeiros 15 cm das extremidades dos silos. O material restante foi homogeneizado e amostrado para a determinação da composição bromatológica, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Os níveis de inclusão de erva sal nas silagens de leucena promoveram um efeito linear negativo para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal e um efeito linear positivo para matéria mineral, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e ácido propiônico (P < 0,05). Ainda para esta silagem, observou-se um efeito quadrático para o ácido lático. Nas silagens de gliricídia foi observado um comportamento linear positivo para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral e carboidratos totais, já a matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo apresentaram um comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05). Os teores de ácidos orgânicos lático, acético e propiônico apresentaram efeito quadrático para a silagem de glíricidia a medida em que se aumentavam os níveis de erva sal (P < 0,05). Em relação a silagem de pornunça, as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral, carboidratos totais, ácido propiônico e ácido butírico apresentaram um comportamento linear crescente enquanto que as variáveis matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05). As concentrações de ácido lático e ácido acético para as silagens de pornunça apresentaram um comportamento quadrático de acordo com os crescentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal (P < 0,05). A maior contribuição da erva sal nas silagens promoveu alterações no perfil de ácidos orgânicos, permitindo a melhora na qualidade das silagens, favorecendo a fermentação lática em detrimento a acética. Os teores de ácido butírico foram baixos para todos os tratamentos e indicam o controle de processos fermentativos indesejáveis. Os resultados indicam que a inclusão da erva sal na composição das silagens pode contribuir na composição bromatológica e com o processo fermentativo das silagens estudadas

An Integrative Approach to the Flavonoid Profile in Some Plants&rsquo; Parts of the Annona Genus

The Annonaceae family is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions. Several species of this family are known for their pharmacological and beneficial properties to human health, mainly attributed to flavonoids. The objective of this work was to carry out an integrative review in order to identify the main flavonoids found in some plant parts belonging to the Annona genus: araticum tree (Annona crassiflora Mart.), graviola tree (Annona muricata), atemoya tree (Annona cherimolia Mill &times; Annona squamosa L.), pinha tree (Annona squamosa), bananinha tree (Annona leptopetala), and marolinho tree (Annona coriacea). Only articles published between the years 2016 to 2021 that answered the guiding question were considered, in order to obtain recent data. Then, search strategies were designated for each database used: Science Direct, CAPES Periodicals, and Scielo. Most of the studies retrieved from the databases are related to fruits. The results showed that the number of flavonoids identified varies according to the analytical methodology used to identify and quantify the compounds. Quercetin was the most commonly found compound in all fruits of the Annona genus studied, and epicatechin, rutin, and kaempferol were also found to a lesser extent. The presence of these compounds in Annona makes the fruit promising, with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industry