Development of mathematical model to predict vertical wicking behaviour. Part I : flow through yarn

Theoretical models have been proposed in this article (Parts I and II) to predict the vertical wicking behaviour of yarns and fabrics based on different fibre, yarn and fabric parameters. The first part of this article deals with the modelling of flow through yarn during vertical wicking, whereas the second part deals with the modelling of vertical wicking through the fabric. The yarn model has been developed based on the Laplace equation and the Hagen– Poiseuille’s equation on fluid flow; pore geometry has been determined as per the yarn structure. Factors such as fibre contact angle, number of filaments in a yarn, fibre denier, fibre cross-sectional shape, yarn denier and twist level in the yarn have been taken into account for development of the model. Lambertw, a mathematical function, has been incorporated, which helps to predict vertical wicking height at any given time, considering the gravitational effects. Experimental verification of the model has been carried out using polyester yarns. The model was found to predict the wicking height with time through the yarns with reasonable accuracy. Based on the proposed yarn model, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the vertical wicking through plain woven fabric in the second part of this article

Comparison of efficacy of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid, visual inspection with Lugol's iodine, Pap smear and colposcopy in screening cervical precancerous lesions

Background: Cervical malignancy is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Screening of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia aids in early detection and their effective treatment which constitutes the most effective and widely used strategy to prevent cervical carcinoma throughout the world. Objectives of the study were to: screen women with visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA), visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), Pap smear and colposcopy who have abnormal symptoms for unhealthy cervix; and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of VIA, VILI, Pap smear and colposcopy.Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at Jorhat Medical College, Assam at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology from June 2020 to May 2021, carried out on 60 women. This study was done on 60 women who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were first subjected to Pap smear followed by VIA, VILI, colposcopy and biopsy for confirmation of lesion, if needed. Data was obtained and statistically analyzed.Results: VIA showed sensitivity 96.15%, specificity 62.50% and diagnostic accuracy 88.23%. VILI showed sensitivity 89.65%, specificity 40% and diagnostic accuracy 82.35%. Colposcopy showed sensitivity 96.66%, specificity 25% and diagnostic accuracy 88.23%. Pap smear showed sensitivity of 86.66%, specificity 75% and diagnostic accuracy of 85.29%.Conclusions: Our study shows that VIA, VILI, Pap smear and colposcopy has comparable sensitivity. Pap smear shows better specificity. Therefore, use of combination of these tests gives better sensitivity and specificity for early detection of cervical carcinoma.

Compression characteristics of spunlace nonwoven fabric

The effect of fibre type, mass per unit area and number of cycles on compressional and recovery behaviour of spunlacenonwoven fabric has been studied in terms of compressional and recovery parameters as well as in terms of thickness lossand energy loss. The findings show that the spunlace nonwoven fabrics exhibit good compressional and recovery behaviour.The thickness loss and energy loss values reveal that the polyester viscose blended spunlace nonwoven shows bettercompressional and recovery behaviour. It is also found that there is rapid decrease in compressibility during initial cyclesand after that it becomes stable on cyclic loading

Studies on the Moisture Management Characteristics of Spunlace Nonwoven Fabric

Liquid moisture transfer, sweat absorbency and sweat drying in clothing have a significant influence on the wearer’s perception. Moisture management is one of the key performance criteria in determining the comfort level of fabric. It is thus important to study the moisture management characteristics of spunlace nonwoven fabric to investigate the possibility of its use in apparel. In the present study, spunlace nonwoven fabrics were produced by varying waterjet pressure, delivery speed, web mass and web composition. The effect of different parameters on various properties of the moisture management tester was studied using a response surface methodology with backward elimination. The statistical analysis showed that web composition affected all parameters of the moisture management tester. Waterjet pressure and web mass do not have a significant effect on wetting time (top), absorption rate (bottom) and one-way transport capability. The effect of delivery speed was not found to be significant. The overall moisture management coefficient of all nonwoven fabrics studied was found to be very good. An increase in web mass resulted in a decrease in the overall moisture management coefficient value of nonwoven fabric, which can be halted by using higher waterjet pressure and through the proper selection of web composition. Nonwoven fabric with either 100% viscose or 50% polyester/50% viscose blended composition, with higher waterjet pressure and higher web mass, was found to be suitable for the apparel industry

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Chemical Reactions Directed Peptide Self-Assembly

Fabrication of self-assembled nanostructures is one of the important aspects in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The study of self-assembled soft materials remains an area of interest due to their potential applications in biomedicine. The versatile properties of soft materials can be tuned using a bottom up approach of small molecules. Peptide based self-assembly has significant impact in biology because of its unique features such as biocompatibility, straight peptide chain and the presence of different side chain functionality. These unique features explore peptides in various self-assembly process. In this review, we briefly introduce chemical reaction-mediated peptide self-assembly. Herein, we have emphasised enzymes, native chemical ligation and photochemical reactions in the exploration of peptide self-assembly

Mathematical model to predict vertical wicking behaviour” : Part II - Flow through woven fabric

The aim of the paper is to develop a mathematical model to predict vertical wicking behaviour of woven fabric. The first part of this series (Part I) has dealt with the mathematical model for predicting vertical wicking through yarn. In this part a model has been proposed to predict vertical wicking of the woven fabric, based on the developed yarn model. In order to model the flow through woven fabric along with the vertical flow through liquid carrying threads, the horizontal flow through transverse threads has also been taken into account. A simplified fabric geometrical concept (inclined tube geometry) and Peirce geometry for plain woven fabric have been used to define the fabric structure. Warp and weft linear density, fabric sett and yarn crimp have been considered in the fabric modelling. The theoretical wicking values of the yarn and fabric made from that yarn have been compared. Experimental verification of the model has been carried out using polyester and polypropylene fabrics. The model is found to predict the wicking height with time through the yarns and fabrics with reasonable accurac

MRF based LSB steganalysis: a new measure of steganography capacity

A new steganalysis algorithm is described based on the MRF model of image LSB plane. In this framework the limitation of the Cachin's definition of the steganography capacity is quantified and a new measure is proposed

pH-responsive, bolaamphiphile-based smart metallo-hydrogels as potential dye-adsorbing agents, water purifier, and vitamin B<SUB>12</SUB> carrier

A protein amino acid, phenylalanine-based bolaamphiphile 1 containing a centrally located oligomethylene group has been found to be a hydrogelator at nearly physiological pH (pH 6.5−7.2) in the presence of divalent metal salts (such as MnCl2, CoCl2, CuSO4, and NiCl2) on sonication. Other structurally related synthetic bolaamphiphiles 2−4 do not form hydrogels under similar conditions. The metallo-hydrogels have been characterized using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies and FT-IR studies. TEM study of these metallo-hydrogels indicates a network of nanofibrilar morphology that might be responsible for gelation. The pH sensitivity of these metallo-hydrogels can be potentially utilized for entrapment and slow release of biologically important molecules. It has been demonstrated that one of these gels entraps and slowly releases vitamin B12 molecules depending upon the pH of the medium. Moreover, these metallo-hydrogels can efficiently adsorb various toxic dyes including Crystal Violet and Naphthol Blue Black from water and this property can be utilized for the removal of different types of toxic dye molecules from wastewater