Analysis of innovation management in German enterprises

Abstract: In the drive towards economic globalization, companies are faced with both opportunities and challenges. As the global landscape changes, company and by extension countries increasingly grasp the level of importance innovation has to their survival and continued development. The element of innovation, within the business environment, has become the necessary condition for sustainable development of a country or nation. In the case of Germany, the authors acknowledge the country's fascinating ability in innovation management; therefore have sought to gain a better understanding through a sampled analysis of German private enterprises. In the process, quantitative model and qualitative model were utilized together. On the one hand, a qualitative method is adopted to collect primary data. On the other hand, a quantitative process is used to collect secondary data. According to the data analysis of the sampled corporations and businesses, the indices of each factor vary across the different industries. Results also suggested that stronger enterprises give greater attention to innovation (factors) and therefore reap higher gains. In such companies, various rules and regulations are designed to stimulate the employees' creativity; while communication is established across all parts of companies. Similarly, the company would be design on the basis of adapting different market strategies. Worthy of note is that companies in each industr

Analysis of innovation management in German enterprises

In the drive towards economic globalization, companies are faced with both opportunities and challenges. As the global landscape changes, company and by extension countries increasingly grasp the level of importance innovation has to their survival and continued development. The element of innovation, within the business environment, has become the necessary condition for sustainable development of a country or nation. In the case of Germany, the authors acknowledge the country’s fascinating ability in innovation management; therefore have sought to gain a better understanding through a sampled analysis of German private enterprises. In the process, quantitative model and qualitative model were utilized together. On the one hand, a qualitative method is adopted to collect primary data. On the other hand, a quantitative process is used to collect secondary data. According to the data analysis of the sampled corporations and businesses, the indices of each factor vary across the different industries. Results also suggested that stronger enterprises give greater attention to innovation (factors) and therefore reap higher gains. In such companies, various rules and regulations are designed to stimulate the employees’ creativity; while communication is established across all parts of companies. Similarly, the company would be design on the basis of adapting different market strategies. Worthy of note is that companies in each industry treat technological innovation as an important element to their development. Such emphasis on the importance of innovation management is a vital factor that can aid in explaining why German enterprises have gained such success to date. Hence, companies in other world economies, including fast pace China should take note of the German companies and strengthen their own management structure regarding innovation

Vigilância nutricional e morbidade de crianças menores de 5 anos numa unidade básica de saúde: análise da série histórica 1987-91 Nutritional surveillance and morbidity of children under 5 years of age seen in a primary health care unit: historical series 1987-91

O presente estudo apresenta uma análise preliminar dos dados de estado nutricional (EN) e de morbidade de crianças menores de 5 anos, coletados pelo Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) entre 1987 e 1991 numa unidade de atenção primária à saúde que atende a uma população favelada do Rio de Janeiro. Os perfis encontrados nas quase 35.000 consultas no período indicaram um importante desvio à esquerda, já no primeiro semestre de vida, para o indicador estatura/idade (E/I). Revelaram, ademais, que 20,4% das crianças apresentavam massa corporal para idade (MC/I) abaixo do percentil 10 da referência NCHS. Houve uma aparente tendência de diminuição da freqüência de crianças com nanismo (valor Z E/I < -2 Z) ao longo dos anos. Os oito motivos de consulta mais freqüentes foram os mesmos durante o período, mas suas freqüências variaram de ano para ano. Nos últimos 3 anos, os motivos mais freqüentes foram doenças do aparelho respiratório (AR), doenças do aparelho digestivo (AD) e desnutrição. Não se observou uma tendência clara entre freqüência de doenças do AR e EN, observando-se, no entanto, uma relação inversa entre a freqüência de AD e o percentil de MC/I. Além de indicarem um relevante quadro de déficit de crescimento da clientela estudada, justificando a implantação do SISVAN, estes resultados também reforçam a necessidade de outros estudos relacionando os perfis nutricional e de morbidade da clientela antendida em serviços de atenção primária, potencializando o papel do SISVAN na rede de saúde.<br>This paper presents preliminary analysis of the nutritional status assessment (NS) and morbidity of low-income children under 5 years of age seen by the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System of a primary health care unit in Rio de Janeiro between 1987 and 1991. The distribution of lengh/stature for age (LSA) was skewed to the left as early as the first semester of life. Approximately 20% of the children had values of body mass for age (BMA) below the 10th percentile of the reference growth curve (NCHS). The prevalence of stunting (Z LSA < - 2) decreased yearly during the period. The eight most frequent causes of visit to the unit were the same but the frequencies varied from year to year. In the last three years upper respiratory (URD) and digestive diseases (DD) and undernutrition prevailed. NS did not correlate with UPD but the prevalence of DD was inversely associated with BMA percentile. These data indicate relevant growth deficits in the children which justifies the implementation of nutritional surveillance in health units. It is also clear that morbidity and NS must be correlated in future studies, so that, the role of nutritional surveillance is enhanced in the Health Sector

Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Background The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980–2015, and health spend data from 1995–2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9·21 trillion in 2014 to$24·24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20·47–29·72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5·3% (UI 4·1–6·8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4·2% (3·8–4·9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2·1% (UI 1·8–2·4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1·8% (1·0–2·8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133–181) per capita in 2030 and$195 (157–258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national health spending to reach the level of the countries who spend the most on health, relative to their level of economic development, would mean $321 (157–258) per capita was available for health in 2040 in low-income countries. Interpretation Health spending is associated with economic development but past trends and relationships suggest that spending will remain variable, and low in some low-resource settings. Policy change could lead to increased health spending, although for the poorest countries external support might remain essential.</p