Nutrition of suckling cow herds kept at pasture throughout the year on selected locations in the Land Brandenburg

Deckblatt-Impressum Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung Literaturübersicht Material und Methoden Ergebnisse Diskussion Schlussfolgerung Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang Danksagung SelbständigkeitserklärungZiel dieser Arbeit war, die Versorgungslage von Mutterkühen, die im Sommer und Winter ausschließlich im Freien gehalten wurden, zu analysieren und der Stallhaltung vergleichend gegenüber zu stellen. Während der Weidesaison ernährten sich die Tiere ausschließlich von Gras. Im Winter bekamen sie Raufutter zugefüttert. Den Kühen stand zusätzlich ein Mineralfutter zur Verfügung. Für die einjährige Versuchsperiode wurde das Nahrungsangebot für sechs Mutterkuhherden mit insgesamt 311 Mutterkühen bzw. Färsen, ihren Kälber und den Deckbullen untersucht. Die Tiere weideten auf insgesamt ca. 1200 ha. Die Futterproben ergaben, dass die Tiere zu Beginn der Weidesaison (Mai bis August) sehr gut mit Mengenelementen (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg) versorgt wurden. Gegen Ende der Weidesaison (September bis November) wurde die Versorgung bereits marginal, für zusätzliche Milchleistung war sie nicht mehr ausreichend. Für die Spurenelemente konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Versorgung mit den Elementen Kupfer, Zink und Mangan bereits im Frühling und Sommer knapp, für Leistung nicht mehr ausreichend war. Mit Selen waren die Tiere dagegen hochgradig unterversorgt. Lediglich Eisen war im Übermaß vorhanden, überschritt vor allem im Frühling sogar die antagonistische Grenze z.T. erheblich. Die Rinder wurden im Frühling und im Sommer gut mit Rohprotein und Energie versorgt, im Herbst wurde die Versorgung knapp, für Milchleistung reichte die Energie nicht mehr aus. Während der Winterfütterung war die Versorgungslage deutlich schlechter. Lediglich die Mengenelemente Kalzium und Kalium wurden noch in ausreichender Menge mit dem Grundfutter aufgenommen. Die Versorgung mit Phosphor, Natrium und Magnesium war nicht mehr ausreichend, sie war hochgradig defizitär bei laktierenden Tieren. Die Rinder waren mit allen Spurenelementen stark unterversorgt, Ausnahme bildete auch hier das Eisen. Rohprotein und Energie war gerade ausreichend für den Erhaltungsbedarf, nicht jedoch für Leistung. Die Untersuchung des Mineralfutters ergab, dass dessen Zusammensetzung im Frühjahr und Sommer den Bedarf der Tiere weitgehend deckte. Lediglich mit Selen waren die Tiere deutlich unterversorgt. Im Herbst und Winter müssten dagegen die Konzentrationen aller Mengen- und Spurenelemente angehoben werden. Die Mineralfutteraufnahme ergab im Mittel lediglich 18 g pro Tag und Tier, obwohl vom Hersteller eine Aufnahme von 100 g pro Tag und Tier konzipiert war. Mit dieser vorgesehenen Menge wäre der Bedarf während der Weidesaison zwar gedeckt, im Winter jedoch wären die Tiere mit Spurenelementen immer noch unterversorgt. Um die Aufnahme zu verbessern, muss zum einen die Akzeptanz des Futters erhöht werden und zum anderen das Management so verbessert werden, dass das Futter besser vor Verunreinigung und Wettereinflüssen geschützt wird. Grundsätzlich ist eine Robusthaltung im Winter durchaus möglich. Die Bedingungen dafür sind eine TS-Aufnahme von mindestens 10 kg/Tag und Tier vor allem in Form von Silage, die dem Heu qualitativ deutlich überlegen ist, und eine gesicherte Mineralfutteraufnahme. Die Untersuchung ergab weiter, dass die Weiden, die durch Nachmähen und Nachweiden mit Pferden gepflegt werden, einen höheren Trockenmasse-Ertrag pro Hektar aufweisen, da ihr verbleibender Weiderest deutlich kleiner war. Eine neu bestellte Weide wies nicht nur einen höheren Ertrag auf, sie zeigte auch einen etwa doppelt so hohen Rohprotein-Gehalt sowie höhere Kalzium-, Phosphor- und Kupfer- Gehalte. Der Energie- und der Zink-Gehalt war bei einem Vergleich Alt Neu Weide nur geringgradig erhöht, der Selen-Gehalt war nicht unterschiedlich. Die Aufzeichnungen an den Tieren ergab in Betrieb A einen deutlichen Magnesium-Mangel, an dem drei Muttertiere nach der Geburt im Winter verendeten. Die Kälbergeburten und Aufzuchtrate lag zwischen 90-98% und die Kälber erreichten mit 1140 g (im Mittelwert) täglicher Zunahme gute Absatzgewichte. Alle Kühe hielten ihr Gewicht von einem zum nächsten Jahr konstant. Insgesamt kann festgestellt werden, dass nach acht Jahren extensiver Mutterkuhhaltung trotz saisonaler Mängel in der Versorgung selbst bei wirtschaftlicher Betrachtung des Viehbestandes kein Defizit nachzuweisen war. Aus veterinärmedizinischer Sicht sind jedoch Zweifel angebracht, ob eine zyklische Unterversorgung vor allem im Winter nicht doch Langzeitfolgen nach sich zieht.The main aim of the thesis was to analyse the supply and nutrition situation of suckling cows, which were kept out at pasture throughout the year, and of those kept in stable. During the grazing season, the animals exclusively lived on grass. In winter, roughage was given as the main food source. In addition, mineral food was provided year round. The investigation period covered one year. The food supply for six suckling cow herds with a total number of 311 suckling cows, their calves, heifers, and the bulls was examined. The animals were grazing on a territory of approximately 1200 ha pasture. The analyses of the food samples showed that the animals were very well supplied with mineral elements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg) at the beginning of the grazing season (May till August). Towards the end of the grazing season (September till November) the supply was marginal. It was not sufficient for additional milk productivity. As to the trace elements: the elements of Cu, Zn and Mn were already scarce in spring and summer and not sufficient for further milk productivity. The herds were highly undersupplied with Se. Only Fe was available in abundance. It even considerably transgressed the toxic thresholds in spring. The herds were well supplied with raw protein and energy in spring and summer. In fall, both decreased and were insufficient for milk production. In winter, the situation deteriorated. Only the mineral elements Ca and K were taken in with the basic food in a sufficient quantity. The supply with P, Na and Mg was no longer sufficient. For milk productivity it was much below standard thresholds. The herds suffered from malnutrition with all trace elements except for Fe. Raw protein and energy were just enough to meet the daily requirements, but not sufficient for milk productivity or breeding. The investigation of the mineral food clearly showed that its composition in spring and summer almost covered the requirements of the animals, except for Se. In fall and winter, the concentration of all the mineral and trace elements had to be enriched. The average intake of mineral food resulted in only one fifth of the recommended amount. This quantity would meet the needs during the grazing season. In winter, however, the animals would still be undersupplied with trace elements. In order to improve the intake, the acceptance of the feed has to be increased and a better management should provide food protected against impurity and weather impacts. In principle, it is possible to keep the animals out at pasture all year round, even in winter, under the precondition of a guaranteed acceptance of mineral food and a minimum intake of dry matter of 10 kg/ animal a day, preferrably silage, which is qualitatively superior to hay. The investigation showed that pastures yielded a higher amount of dry matter, when additionally cut or having horses graze after the season. Newly cultivated grazing land was not only more productive, but also resulted in an almost doubled precentage of raw protein and increased contents of Ca, P and Cu. The energy and the Zn content only slightly rose, Se remained unchanged. Due to a consiberable lack of Mg, three cows died after calving in winter. The calf birth and survival rates lay between 90% and 98%. The calves daily gained 1140 g of weight (average) and showed good weight when weaned. All suckling cows kept their weights from one year to the other. To conclude, no deficits could be proven even under economical aspects of the livestock - after eight years of extensive suckling cow farming although seasonal shortcomings in the food supply could be documented. From the veterinarian point of view, however, the question may arise, if a cyclical malnutrition particularly in winter will not cause any long-term consequences

CFTR mRNA and its truncated splice variant (TRN-CFTR) are differentially expressed during collecting duct ontogeny

AbstractThe collecting duct epithelium originates from the embryonic ureter by branching morphogenesis. Ontogeny-dependent changes of CFTR mRNA expression were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in primary monolayer cultures of rat ureteric buds (UB) and cortical collecting ducts, microdissected at different embryonic and postnatal developmental stages. The amount of wild-type CFTR-specific PCR product in UB declined to 20% of the initial value between embryonic gestational day E15 and postnatal day P1. After birth the CFTR product increased transiently between P1 and P7 by a factor of 10 and decreased towards day P14. PCR products specific for TRN-CFTR, a truncated splice variant, however, were low in early embryonic cells, increased markedly between day E17 and P2, and reached a plateau postnatally. Therefore, mRNA encoding TRN-CFTR does not appear to have a specific embryonic-morphogenetic function. By contrast, such function is suggested for wild-type CFTR mRNA as its abundance was high in early embryonic nephrogenesis, as well as during a postnatal period shortly before branching morphogenesis is completed

Production of knowledge revisited - the impact of academic spin-offs on public research performance in Europe (PROKNOW): abbreviated description of the research project funded by the European Commission

"The EU-funded project 'Production of Knowledge Revisited: The Impact of Academic Spin-Offs on Public Research Performance in Europe (PROKNOW)' aims at analysing the interactions between public research institutions and academic spin-offs focussing on the impact of entrepreneurial activities on the academic research system. Based upon approaches in organisational sociology, science policy studies and science studies and analysing the gains and losses of spin-off activities for public research institutions, PROKNOW examines the relevance of public and private forms of knowledge in innovative processes of knowledge production. Academic spin-offs often epitomise innovative forms of knowledge production and are thus an exemplary topic to study innovation processes in the interaction of science, economy and society. PROKNOW proposes a European-wide comparison of research institutions in seven countries, including the three biggest research systems, Germany, France and the UK, and the -often considered to be innovative -systems of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Finland, and the associated candidate country Bulgaria. Institutionally, PROKNOW analyses different forms of public sector research institutions, university and extrauniversity institutions. In terms of economic sectors, the project focuses on life sciences, information sciences and nanotechnology. Thus, PROKNOW can help provide the institutional and organisational conditions for a profitable interaction between public research institutions and academic spin-offs." (author's abstract)"Das Eu-geförderte Projekt 'Production of Knowledge Revisited: The Impact of Academic Spin-Offs on Public Research Performance in Europe (PROKNOW)' analysiert Interaktionen zwischen öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen und deren akademischen Ausgründungen ('Spin-offs') und hat dabei die Folgen der unternehmerischen Aktivitäten auf das akademische Forschungssystem im Fokus. Auf der Grundlage von Ansätzen aus der Organisationssoziologie und der neueren Wissenschaftsforschung fragt das Projekt nach Gewinnen und Verlusten von Spin-off-Aktivitäten für öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen und leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Erforschung zum Verhältnis öffentlicher und privater Wissensformen in innovativen Prozessen der Wissensproduktion. Anhand von akademischen Ausgründungen lassen sich Innovationsprozesse als Interaktion von Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in exemplarischer Weise untersuchen. PROKNOW wird einen europaweiten Vergleich der Forschungseinrichtungen in sieben Ländern unternehmen. Ausgewählt wurden die drei größten Forschungssysteme, Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien sowie die vielfach als innovativ eingeschätzten Systeme der Niederlande, der Schweiz und Finnlands und des EU-Beitrittskandidaten Bulgarien, die jeweils für avancierte Ansätze stehen. Dabei wird PROKNOW verschiedene Formen von öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen, universitäre und außeruniversitäre Einrichtungen analysieren. Das Projekt wird sich auf die Bereiche Biowissenschaften, Informations- und Nanotechnologien konzentrieren. Damit kann PROKNOW dazu beitragen, die institutionellen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen für eine fruchtbare Interaktion von öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen und akademischen Spin-offs zu optimieren." (Autorenreferat

Long-term efficacy and safety of secukinumab 150 mg in ankylosing spondylitis : 5-year results from the phase III MEASURE 1 extension study

Objective: This study aimed to report end-of-study results on efficacy and safety of secukinumab 150 mg through 5 years in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS; MEASURE 1 extension trial (NCT01863732)). Methods: After the 2-year core trial, 274 patients receiving subcutaneous secukinumab 150 or 75 mg (following intravenous loading or initial placebo treatment to 16/24 weeks) every 4 weeks were invited to enter the 3-year extension study. Dose escalation from 75 to 150 mg (approved dose) was allowed at or after week 156 based on the judgement of the treating physician. Assessments at week 260 (5 years) included Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) 20/40 and other efficacy outcomes. Data are presented as observed. Safety assessment included all patients who received >= 1 dose of study treatment. Results: Of the 274 patients who entered the extension study, 84% (230/274) completed 5 years of treatment. ASAS20/40 responses were 78.6/65.2%, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) 50 response was 63.4% and mean (+/- SD) BASDAI total score was 2.6 +/- 1.76 with secukinumab 150 mg at 5 years. Improvements in efficacy outcomes were sustained through 5 years. A total of 82 patients on secukinumab 75 mg (56.2%) had their dose escalated to 150 mg after week 168; ASAS40, ASAS-PR, ASAS 5/6 and BASDAI50 responses were improved in patients whose dose was escalated from secukinumab 75 to 150 mg. Secukinumab was well tolerated with a safety profile consistent over the course of the study. Conclusions: Secukinumab 150 mg provided sustained efficacy across multiple domains of AS with a favourable and consistent safety profile through 5-year treatment. Over 50% of patients required dose escalation from 75 to 150 mg and efficacy improved in these patients

Peran Ayah dalam Praktik Menyusui

Background: In Indonesia the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in 2007 was 32%. Although breastfeeding is a common practice, exclusive breastfeeding remains unpracticed optimally due to some influential factors. One factor to be considered here is father\u27s role. However, until recently studies regarding father\u27s role in breastfeeding practice have not been fully explored in Indonesia. In Bukittinggi exclusive breastfeeding rate was 63,5% in 2008.Objective: To investigate the relationship between the father\u27s role and breastfeeding practices in Bukittinggi Municipality.Method: This was an observational study with cross-sectional study design. Subjects were families with babies aged 0 – 6 months using non probability sampling. The independent variable was the father\u27s role and the dependent variable was breastfeeding practices. Meanwhile, the extraneous variables included knowledge, attitude, mother\u27s occupation; father\u27s working hours in a day, and income. The data were analyzed using univariable analysis, bivariable analysis with chi-square test, and multivariable analysis with logistic regression.Results: The result of multivariable analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the father\u27s role and breastfeeding practice, by including father\u27s knowledge, mother\u27s knowledge, father\u27s attitude and mother\u27s attitude that could predict by 12% (RP= 1.93; 95% CI= 1.36 – 2.74).Conclusion: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practices in the supporting father group was greater than in the group that non-supporting father. The recommendations are that fathers should be targeted audience in the breastfeeding promotion

Risikoadaptierte Prävention: Governance Perspective für Leistungsansprüche bei genetischen (Brustkrebs-)Risiken

Risikoadaptierte Prävention; Governance Perspective; Gesundheitspolitik; deutsches Gesundheitswesen; Systemmedizin; Big Data; bioinformatischer Innovationsschub; genetische Brustkrebsrisiken; Hereditärer Brustkrebs; Prophylaktische Operationen; BRCA; Leistungsanspruch; Medizinrech

Risikoadaptierte Prävention: Governance Perspective für Leistungsansprüche bei genetischen (Brustkrebs-)Risiken

Die vorliegende Studie empfiehlt, Leistungsansprüche für Personen mit interventionsfordernden (Brustkrebs-)Risiken anhand einer neuen Rechtskategorie, der ‚risikoadaptieren Prävention‘, abzubilden. Spätestens seit dem bioinformatischen Innovationsschub (Big Data) kann eine risikoadaptierte Anwendung von prophylaktischen Maßnahmen umfassend gewährleistet werden. Jedoch können die gegebenen Rechtskategorien (primäre Prävention, Vorsorge, Krankenbehandlung) das medizinische Anwendungsfeld nicht adäquat steuern

Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO)

The German National Cohort (NAKO) is a multidisciplinary, population-based prospective cohort study that aims to investigate the causes of widespread diseases, identify risk factors and improve early detection and prevention of disease. Specifically, NAKO is designed to identify novel and better characterize established risk and protection factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory and infectious diseases in a random sample of the general population. Between 2014 and 2019, a total of 205,415 men and women aged 19–74 years were recruited and examined in 18 study centres in Germany. The baseline assessment included a face-to-face interview, self-administered questionnaires and a wide range of biomedical examinations. Biomaterials were collected from all participants including serum, EDTA plasma, buffy coats, RNA and erythrocytes, urine, saliva, nasal swabs and stool. In 56,971 participants, an intensified examination programme was implemented. Whole-body 3T magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30,861 participants on dedicated scanners. NAKO collects follow-up information on incident diseases through a combination of active follow-up using self-report via written questionnaires at 2–3 year intervals and passive follow-up via record linkages. All study participants are invited for re-examinations at the study centres in 4–5 year intervals. Thereby, longitudinal information on changes in risk factor profiles and in vascular, cardiac, metabolic, neurocognitive, pulmonary and sensory function is collected. NAKO is a major resource for population-based epidemiology to identify new and tailored strategies for early detection, prediction, prevention and treatment of major diseases for the next 30 years. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10654-022-00890-5

Comprehensive Rare Variant Analysis via Whole-Genome Sequencing to Determine the Molecular Pathology of Inherited Retinal Disease

Inherited retinal disease is a common cause of visual impairment and represents a highly heterogeneous group of conditions. Here, we present findings from a cohort of 722 individuals with inherited retinal disease, who have had whole-genome sequencing (n = 605), whole-exome sequencing (n = 72), or both (n = 45) performed, as part of the NIHR-BioResource Rare Diseases research study. We identified pathogenic variants (single-nucleotide variants, indels, or structural variants) for 404/722 (56%) individuals. Whole-genome sequencing gives unprecedented power to detect three categories of pathogenic variants in particular: structural variants, variants in GC-rich regions, which have significantly improved coverage compared to whole-exome sequencing, and variants in non-coding regulatory regions. In addition to previously reported pathogenic regulatory variants, we have identified a previously unreported pathogenic intronic variant in $\textit{CHM}$ in two males with choroideremia. We have also identified 19 genes not previously known to be associated with inherited retinal disease, which harbor biallelic predicted protein-truncating variants in unsolved cases. Whole-genome sequencing is an increasingly important comprehensive method with which to investigate the genetic causes of inherited retinal disease.This work was supported by The National Institute for Health Research England (NIHR) for the NIHR BioResource – Rare Diseases project (grant number RG65966). The Moorfields Eye Hospital cohort of patients and clinical and imaging data were ascertained and collected with the support of grants from the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital Special Trustees, Moorfields Eye Charity, the Foundation Fighting Blindness (USA), and Retinitis Pigmentosa Fighting Blindness. M.M. is a recipient of an FFB Career Development Award. E.M. is supported by UCLH/UCL NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. F.L.R. and D.G. are supported by Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre