39 research outputs found

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    Labor Income Dynamics in Chile

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    This paper provides an empirical analysis of individual earnings using data from the personal income survey Encuesta Suplementaria de Ingresos. We find that the predictable component of income is humpshaped over the life-cycle, and that there are strong effects from education. The unpredictable component of income can be described by a very persistent permanent shock and a transitory shock. Our estimates are built from a panel of cohorts, so we use US data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to provide a magnitude for the underestimation of variances. Surprisingly, we find that the variance of the permanent shock in Chile is around one fourth of the variance in the US, a result, perhaps, of the relative rigidity of the Chilean labor market.

    Concentración, Hold-up e Información de las Colocaciones Bancarias: Evidencia de Empresas Chilenas

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    In this paper we empirically study bank-client relationships using a sample of Chilean manufacturing firms. We examine whether concentration and the duration of bank-client relationships affect the volume of bank lending. Our results indicate that lower concentration, measured by the number of banks a firm borrows from, is associated ith a large and positive effect on borrowing. The length of borrower-lender relationships has a positive—although not always statistically significant—effect on the amount borrowed.

    Interactions Between Climate and Trade Policies: A Survey

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    What is the role of the placebo effect for pain relief in neurorehabilitation? Clinical implications from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation

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    Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that the outcomes of medical treatments are influenced by the context of the clinical encounter through the mechanisms of the placebo effect. The phenomenon of placebo analgesia might be exploited to maximize the efficacy of neurorehabilitation treatments. Since its intensity varies across neurological disorders, the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCP) summarized the studies on this field to provide guidance on its use. Methods: A review of the existing reviews and meta-analyses was performed to assess the magnitude of the placebo effect in disorders that may undergo neurorehabilitation treatment. The search was performed on Pubmed using placebo, pain, and the names of neurological disorders as keywords. Methodological quality was assessed using a pre-existing checklist. Data about the magnitude of the placebo effect were extracted from the included reviews and were commented in a narrative form. Results: 11 articles were included in this review. Placebo treatments showed weak effects in central neuropathic pain (pain reduction from 0.44 to 0.66 on a 0-10 scale) and moderate effects in postherpetic neuralgia (1.16), in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (1.45), and in pain associated to HIV (1.82). Moderate effects were also found on pain due to fibromyalgia and migraine; only weak short-term effects were found in complex regional pain syndrome. Confounding variables might have influenced these results. Clinical implications: These estimates should be interpreted with caution, but underscore that the placebo effect can be exploited in neurorehabilitation programs. It is not necessary to conceal its use from the patient. Knowledge of placebo mechanisms can be used to shape the doctor-patient relationship, to reduce the use of analgesic drugs and to train the patient to become an active agent of the therapy

    Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion

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    Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the ~20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (padj = 6.73 × 10−6). Novel reciprocal case–control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present

    La Dinámica de los Ingresos Laborales en Chile

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    Este trabajo analiza empíricamente los ingresos laborales utilizando datos de la Encuesta Suplementariade Ingresos. Los resultados indican que el componente predecible del ingreso tiene forma de U invertidaen el ciclo de vida, y que el nivel de educación tiene efectos importantes. El componente aleatoriopuede ser descrito por un shock permanente de alta persistencia y por un shock transitorio. Nuestrasestimaciones se basan en un panel de cohortes, por lo que los resultados subestiman la verdaderavarianza del ingreso. Para determinar la importancia de la subestimación, utilizamos datos de losEstados Unidos tomados del Panel Study of Income Dynamics, PSID. La varianza estimada del shockpermanente en Chile es cerca de la cuarta parte de la de Estados Unidos, lo que posiblemente es reflejode la rigidez relativa del mercado laboral chileno

    Human physiology applied to the teaching of bioinorganic chemistry

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    De los elementos de la Tabla Periódica, al menos 27 están presentes en los organismos vivos y cumplen una función biológica. Estos elementos se denominan bioelementos. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer como herramienta pedagógica el abordaje del estudio de la química bioinorgánica relacionado su comportamiento químico con los procesos fisiológicos y/o fisiopatológicos. Se emplean datos de bibliografía y resultados propios de la investigación de los docentes: reacciones bioquímicas, biomarcadores de estrés y daño oxidativo, reacciones redox, formación, efecto de las especies reactivas del oxígeno y del nitrógeno sobre órganos, tejidos y organelas subcelulares, respiración celular, procesos inflamatorios y efecto sobre la presión arterial, sistema cardiorespiratorio y renal. Los resultados se miden a través del grado de participación, consultas y anécdotas que los estudiantes comparten en clase. Esta estrategia permite relacionar e integrar contenidos de dos asignaturas con mirada a las profesiones de Farmacia y Bioquímica.The aim of this work is to show the design of a class modality oriented towards a genuine and significant understanding of Bioinorganic Chemistry, relating the chemical behavior of bioelements with pathophysiological processes. A didactic strategy was used that allows teaching the chemistry of bioelements through activities organized and framed in planning as an integrating didactic sequence, associated with formative and continuous evaluation of learning. This didactic strategy induced a greater interest and a greater participation of the students during the class. A greater genuine understanding of the contents of chemistry integrated into pathophysiological processes was observed. The strength of this classroom experience lies in the fact that a type of teaching-learning integrated with a type of evaluation designed directly to contribute to this process and strengthen it, through systematic feedback, is proposed for the teaching of Chemistry.Fil: Fellet, Andrea L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Repetto, Marisa Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica; Argentin

    Human physiology applied to the teaching of bioinorganic chemistry

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    De los elementos de la Tabla Periódica, al menos 27 están presentes en los organismos vivos y cumplen una función biológica. Estos elementos se denominan bioelementos. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer como herramienta pedagógica el abordaje del estudio de la química bioinorgánica relacionado su comportamiento químico con los procesos fisiológicos y/o fisiopatológicos. Se emplean datos de bibliografía y resultados propios de la investigación de los docentes: reacciones bioquímicas, biomarcadores de estrés y daño oxidativo, reacciones redox, formación, efecto de las especies reactivas del oxígeno y del nitrógeno sobre órganos, tejidos y organelas subcelulares, respiración celular, procesos inflamatorios y efecto sobre la presión arterial, sistema cardiorespiratorio y renal. Los resultados se miden a través del grado de participación, consultas y anécdotas que los estudiantes comparten en clase. Esta estrategia permite relacionar e integrar contenidos de dos asignaturas con mirada a las profesiones de Farmacia y Bioquímica.The aim of this work is to show the design of a class modality oriented towards a genuine and significant understanding of Bioinorganic Chemistry, relating the chemical behavior of bioelements with pathophysiological processes. A didactic strategy was used that allows teaching the chemistry of bioelements through activities organized and framed in planning as an integrating didactic sequence, associated with formative and continuous evaluation of learning. This didactic strategy induced a greater interest and a greater participation of the students during the class. A greater genuine understanding of the contents of chemistry integrated into pathophysiological processes was observed. The strength of this classroom experience lies in the fact that a type of teaching-learning integrated with a type of evaluation designed directly to contribute to this process and strengthen it, through systematic feedback, is proposed for the teaching of Chemistry.Fil: Fellet, Andrea L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Repetto, Marisa Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica; Argentin

    Market Reforms and Efficiency Gains in Chile

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    Desde mediados de los setenta, Chile aplicó un conjunto profundo y exhaustivo de reformas estructurales de mercado. A pesar del amplio consenso respecto de que tales reformas deberían favorecer el crecimiento económico, no hay evidencia suficiente como para establecer empíricamente esta conexión y cuantificarla. Usando datos a nivel de planta de empresas manufactureras chilenas para el período comprendido entre 1980 y 2001, aportamos evidencia sugestiva relativa al papel que jugaron las reformas estructurales en la eficiencia de las plantas. El artículo comienza analizando el comportamiento de la productividad total de factores agregada, construida con datos a nivel de planta. Nuestros resultados indican que, una vez implementadas las principales reformas, las ganancias de eficiencia agregada se explican en proporciones iguales por mejoras en la propia planta y por la entrada neta de unidades económicas nuevas y más productivas. La reasignación entre plantas existentes no tiene un aporte significativo a la mayor eficiencia. También encontramos que las plantas que más ganaron en eficiencia fueron las del sector transable y las con mayor probabilidad de enfrentar restricciones de liquidez. Por lo tanto, en Chile, el haber adoptado mejores tecnologías y procesos productivos, favorecidos por una mayor interacción con el extranjero y un acceso superior al financiamiento externo, parece haber tenido que ver, al menos en parte, con el mejoramiento observado en el desempeño manufacturero
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