164 research outputs found
Modeling of Dynamical System Piloted by Discrete Subsystem Based on Bond Graph Approach
This paper is a contribution to the analysis and modeling of a mechatronic system with dynamic behavior that is controlled by a digital computer. In this paper, a bibliographic research on mechatronic systems is presented by specifying a case study of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). Then, a methodology of systemic modeling of the ABS system based on two methods Structured Analysis Design Technique (SADT) and bond graph (BG) is proposed. The model created is validated with three software programs: CarSim, 20 Sim and Simulink
Elaboration and characterization by XRD and SEM of the glass-ceramics in BaTiO3 â NaPO3 system
There is a strong need for low cost glass-ceramic materials whose high chemical stability and dielectric properties can be engineered flexibly in bulk and fiber forms. Therefore we have manufactured transparent ferroelectric glass-ceramics consisting of barium titanate (BT) crystallites in a chain metaphosphate glass matrix. Several glass compositions, in the series (1-x) NaPO3 â x BaTiO3 have been prepared by a conventional melt quenching method. The compositions have been selected on the basis of chemical stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate the formation of small particle size of BaTiO3 in the glass network when its amount is above 4 mol%.There is a strong need for low cost glass-ceramic materials whose high chemical stability and dielectric properties can be engineered flexibly in bulk and fiber forms. Therefore we have manufactured transparent ferroelectric glass-ceramics consisting of barium titanate (BT) crystallites in a chain metaphosphate glass matrix. Several glass compositions, in the series (1-x) NaPO3 â x BaTiO3 have been prepared by a conventional melt quenching method. The compositions have been selected on the basis of chemical stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate the formation of small particle size of BaTiO3 in the glass network when its amount is above 4 mol%
A linear CO chemistry parameterization in a chemistry-transport model: evaluation and application to data assimilation
This paper presents an evaluation of a new linear parameterization valid for the troposphere and the stratosphere, based on a first order approximation of the carbon monoxide (CO) continuity equation. This linear scheme (hereinafter noted LINCO) has been implemented in the 3-D Chemical Transport Model (CTM) MOCAGE (MOdĂšle de Chimie Atmospherique Grande Echelle). First, a one and a half years of LINCO simulation has been compared to output obtained from a detailed chemical scheme output. The mean differences between both schemes are about ±25 ppbv (part per billion by volume) or 15% in the troposphere and ±10 ppbv or 100% in the stratosphere. Second, LINCO has been compared to diverse observations from satellite instruments covering the troposphere (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere: MOPITT) and the stratosphere (Microwave Limb Sounder: MLS) and also from aircraft (Measurements of ozone and water vapour by Airbus in-service aircraft: MOZAIC programme) mostly flying in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). In the troposphere, the LINCO seasonal variations as well as the vertical and horizontal distributions are quite close to MOPITT CO observations. However, a bias of ~−40 ppbv is observed at 700 Pa between LINCO and MOPITT. In the stratosphere, MLS and LINCO present similar large-scale patterns, except over the poles where the CO concentration is underestimated by the model. In the UTLS, LINCO presents small biases less than 2% compared to independent MOZAIC profiles. Third, we assimilated MOPITT CO using a variational 3D-FGAT (First Guess at Appropriate Time) method in conjunction with MOCAGE for a long run of one and a half years. The data assimilation greatly improves the vertical CO distribution in the troposphere from 700 to 350 hPa compared to independent MOZAIC profiles. At 146 hPa, the assimilated CO distribution is also improved compared to MLS observations by reducing the bias up to a factor of 2 in the tropics. This study confirms that the linear scheme is able to simulate reasonably well the CO distribution in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. Therefore, the low computing cost of the linear scheme opens new perspectives to make free runs and CO data assimilation runs at high resolution and over periods of several years
Combined assimilation of IASI and MLS observations to constrain tropospheric and stratospheric ozone in a global chemical transport model
Accurate and temporally resolved fields of free-troposphere ozone are of
major importance to quantify the intercontinental transport of pollution and
the ozone radiative forcing. We consider a global chemical transport model
(MOdĂšle de Chimie AtmosphĂ©rique Ă Grande Ăchelle, MOCAGE) in
combination with a linear ozone chemistry scheme to examine the impact of
assimilating observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the
Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The assimilation of the
two instruments is performed by means of a variational algorithm (4D-VAR) and
allows to constrain stratospheric and tropospheric ozone simultaneously. The
analysis is first computed for the months of August and November 2008 and
validated against ozonesonde measurements to verify the presence of
observations and model biases. Furthermore, a longer analysis of 6 months
(JulyâDecember 2008) showed that the combined assimilation of MLS and IASI is
able to globally reduce the uncertainty (root mean square error, RMSE) of the
modeled ozone columns from 30 to 15% in the
upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS, 70â225 hPa). The assimilation of
IASI tropospheric ozone observations (1000â225 hPa columns, TOC â tropospheric O<sub>3</sub> column)
decreases the RMSE of the model from 40 to 20% in the tropics
(30° Sâ30° N), whereas it is not effective at higher latitudes.
Results are confirmed by a comparison with additional ozone data sets like the
Measurements of OZone and wAter vapour by aIrbus in-service airCraft (MOZAIC)
data, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) total ozone columns and several
high-altitude surface measurements. Finally, the analysis is found to be
insensitive to the assimilation parameters. We conclude that the combination
of a simplified ozone chemistry scheme with frequent satellite observations
is a valuable tool for the long-term analysis of stratospheric and
free-tropospheric ozone
Diagnosing the transition layer at extratropical latitudes using MLS O-3 and MOPITT CO analyses
Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)
This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. This is evidenced by ground-based observations (co-localised radiosonde and SAOZ experiments) together with satellite global observations (Aura/MLS) assimilated into MOCAGE, a Méteo-France model. <br><br> The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site within the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. <br><br> Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and columns of O<sub>3</sub>) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. <br><br> Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) profiles obtained during January&ndash;May 2008 using the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdÚle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O<sub>3</sub> values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within &plusmn;5%), and isentropic distributions of O<sub>3</sub> match well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from the ECMWF reanalysis. <br><br> The event studied seems to be related to the isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from the tropics to the mid-latitudes. <br><br> In fact, the ozone increase observed by mid April 2008 resulted simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (near the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from the tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is thus attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaching over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere
Midlatitude stratosphere - troposphere exchange as diagnosed by MLS O3 and MOPITT CO assimilated fields
International audienceThis paper presents a comprehensive characterization of a very deep stratospheric intrusion which occurred over the British Isles on 15 August 2007. The signature of this event is diagnosed using ozonesonde measurements over Lerwick, UK (60.14 N, 1.19 W) and is also well characterized using meteorological analyses from the global operational weather prediction model of MĂ©tĂ©o-France, ARPEGE. Modelled as well as assimilated fields of both ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been used in order to better document this event. O3 and CO from Aura/MLS and Terra/MOPITT instruments, respectively, are assimilated into the three-dimensional chemical transport model MOCAGE of MĂ©tĂ©o-France using a variational 3-DFGAT (First Guess at Appropriate Time) method. The validation of O3 and CO assimilated fields is done using selfconsistency diagnostics and by comparison with independent observations such as MOZAIC (O3 and CO), AIRS (CO) and OMI (O3). It particularly shows in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region that the assimilated fields are closer to MOZAIC than the free model run. The O3 bias between MOZAIC and the analyses is â11.5 ppbv with a RMS of 22.4 ppbv and a correlation coefficient of 0.93, whereas between MOZAIC and the free model run, the corresponding values are 33 ppbv, 38.5 ppbv and 0.83, respectively. In the same way, for CO, the bias, RMS and correlation coefficient between MOZAIC and the analyses are â3.16 ppbv, 13 ppbv and 0.79, respectively, whereas between MOZAIC and the free model run, the corresponding values are 33 ppbv, 38.5 ppbv and 0.83, respectively. In the same way, for CO, the bias, RMS and correlation coefficient between MOZAIC and the analyses are â3.16 ppbv, 13 ppbv and 0.79, respectively, whereas between MOZAIC and the free model they are 6.3 ppbv, 16.6 ppbv and 0.71, respectively. The paper also presents a demonstration of the capability of O3 and CO assimilated fields to better describe a stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) event in comparison with the free run modelled O3 and CO fields. Although the assimilation of MLS data improves the distribution of O3 above the tropopause compared to the free model run, it is not sufficient to reproduce the STE event well. Assimilated MOPITT CO allows a better qualitative description of the stratospheric intrusion event. The MOPITT CO analyses appear more promising than the MLS O3 analyses in terms of their ability to capture a deep STE event. Therefore, the results of this study open the perspectives for using MOPITT CO in the STE studies
MucocÚle Frontale avec extension orbito -palpébrale - Cas historique -
Introduction : La mucocĂšle est une tumeur kystique bĂ©nigne et rare. Elle se dĂ©veloppe aux dĂ©pens des muqueuses sinusiennes et envahit lâorbite par destruction osseuse. son traitement chirurgical consiste en une exĂ©rĂšse du kyste et un drainage du sinus causal.MatĂ©riels et mĂ©thodes :Nous rapportons lâobservation dâun patient ĂągĂ© de 62 ans, ayant comme antĂ©cĂ©dent un traumatisme oculaire contusif droit yâa 2 ans, qui prĂ©sente depuis 18 mois une tumĂ©faction palpĂ©brale supĂ©rieure droite cachant et refoulant le globe oculaire en bas et en dehors.RĂ©sultats :Lâexamen ophtalmologique objective une tumĂ©faction palpĂ©brale droite cachant et refoulant le globe oculaire en bas et en dehors avec exophtalmie non axile indolore non pulsatile, une motilitĂ© oculaire rĂ©duite dans les 9 positions du regard, une acuitĂ© visuelle chiffrĂ©e Ă 1/10Ăšme, lâexamen du segment antĂ©rieur trouve une kĂ©ratite ponctuĂ©e superficielle, lâexamen du fond de lâoeil est impossible Ă rĂ©aliser. La TDM orbito cĂ©rĂ©brale objective une masse tissulaire du toit de lâorbite avec lyse osseuse par endroits probablement en rapport avec une mucocĂšle du sinus frontal droit. Le patient a Ă©tĂ© opĂ©rĂ© par voie externe (voie sourciliĂšre de Jacques) par une exĂ©rĂšse de la membrane mucocĂ©lique sans drainage du sinus. Le diagnostic est confirmĂ© par un examen histologique.Discussion : La mucocĂšle frontale est une tumeur bĂ©nigne lentement Ă©volutive. Elle peut sâĂ©tendre en absence du traitement soit vers lâendocrĂąne soit vers la rĂ©gion oculo-orbitaire en arriĂšre du septum responsable dâune extension intra-orbitaire, ou en avant du septum orbitaire donnant la forme palpĂ©brale supĂ©rieure prĂ©pondĂ©rante comme pour ce patient. Le traitement consiste Ă une exĂ©rĂšse chirurgicale du kyste avec drainage du sinus causal, qui nâa pas Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© pour ce patient compte tenu de la destruction de la paroi antĂ©rieure et dâun amincissement trĂšs important de la paroi postĂ©rieure du sinus frontal avec dure-mĂšre mise Ă nu, par crainte du risque infectieux.Conclusion : La mucocĂšle est une tumeur rare, qui touche surtout lâadulte. Le diagnostic tardif explique lâĂ©tendue des lĂ©sions vers lâendocrĂąne ou lâorbite. Le traitement est chirurgical, consiste Ă une exĂ©rĂšse du kyste avec drainage du sinus causal
The Usher 1B protein, MYO7A, is required for normal localization and function of the visual retinoid cycle enzyme, RPE65
Mutations in the MYO7A gene cause a deaf-blindness disorder, known as Usher syndrome 1B. In the retina, the majority of MYO7A is in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), where many of the reactions of the visual retinoid cycle take place. We have observed that the retinas of Myo7a-mutant mice are resistant to acute light damage. In exploring the basis of this resistance, we found that Myo7a-mutant mice have lower levels of RPE65, the RPE isomerase that has a key role in the retinoid cycle. We show for the first time that RPE65 normally undergoes a light-dependent translocation to become more concentrated in the central region of the RPE cells. This translocation requires MYO7A, so that, in Myo7a-mutant mice, RPE65 is partly mislocalized in the light. RPE65 is degraded more quickly in Myo7a-mutant mice, perhaps due to its mislocalization, providing a plausible explanation for its lower levels. Following a 50â60% photobleach, Myo7a-mutant retinas exhibited increased all-trans-retinyl ester levels during the initial stages of dark recovery, consistent with a deficiency in RPE65 activity. Lastly, MYO7A and RPE65 were co-immunoprecipitated from RPE cell lysate by antibodies against either of the proteins, and the two proteins were partly colocalized, suggesting a direct or indirect interaction. Together, the results support a role for MYO7A in the translocation of RPE65, illustrating the involvement of a molecular motor in the spatiotemporal organization of the retinoid cycle in vision
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