Linking multisectoral economic models and consumption surveys for the European Union

Producción CientíficaMultisectoral models usually have a single representative household. However, more diversity of household types is needed to analyse the effects of multiple phenomena (i.e. ageing, gender inequality, distributional income impact, etc.). Household consumption surveys’ microdata is a rich data source for these types of analysis. However, feeding multisectoral models with this type of information is not simple and recent studies show how even slightly inaccurate procedures might result in significantly biased results. This paper presents the full procedure for feeding household consumption microdata into macroeconomic models and for the first time provides in a systematic way an estimation of the bridge matrices needed to link European Union Household Budget Surveys’ microdata with the most popular multi-regional input–output frameworks (e.g. Eurostat, WIOD, EORA, OECD).Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades: [grant numbers RTI2018-099858-A-I00 and PID2019-106822RB-I00]; the Spanish State Research Agency through María de Maeztu Excellence Unit accreditation 2018-2022 [grant number MDM-2017-0714] and the project LOCOMOTION H2020-LC-CLA-2018-2 [grant number 821105]

Improving the European input–output database for global trade analysis

There are increasing numbers of published articles in the feld of input–output analysis and modelling that use the GTAP input–output database; particularly, in relation to the estimation of carbon, energy and water footprints and the analysis of global value chains and international trade. The policy relevance of those topics is also increasing, thus calling for consistently linking these databases with ofcial statistics. Although, so far, GTAP has been using their own classifcation and reconciliation methods, this paper develops a new conversion method for the EU that guarantees that the EUGTAP database respects the new statistical standards and Eurostat ofcial statistics. We recommend for future updates, a shift of the current GTAP classifcation of industries to the new ofcial standard classifcations to which countries are progressively moving to. Otherwise, the lack of matching ofcial data would jeopardize the usefulness of such database. This method can be extended to other similar input–output databases with diferent classifcation schemes from the original input data source

Inflation, fiscal policy and inequality: the distributional impact of fiscal measures to compensate for consumer inflation

En este documento se analiza el impacto distributivo de la elevada inflación experimentada por los consumidores en la eurozona y las medidas que los Gobiernos han implementado para compensar a los hogares en 2022. El estudio utiliza el modelo de microsimulación de impuestos y beneficios para la Unión Europea (EUROMOD) basado en microdatos —estadísticas de la Unión Europea sobre la renta y las condiciones de vida (EU-SILC) y encuestas de presupuestos familiares (HBS)— para cuantificar el impacto distributivo de la inflación, de las medidas de apoyo a la renta de los hogares y de las medidas destinadas a contener los precios. El análisis confirma que el poder adquisitivo y la métrica de bienestar se vieron más gravemente afectados por el aumento de la inflación de 2022 en los hogares de menores ingresos que en los hogares de mayores ingresos. Las medidas fiscales compensaron a los hogares en alrededor de un tercio de su pérdida de bienestar, aunque con diferencias significativas entre países. Al mismo tiempo, las medidas fiscales cerraron alrededor del 60 % de la brecha de desigualdad que había entre los hogares de menores ingresos y los de mayores ingresos. La mayoría de las medidas fiscales no estaban bien focalizadas en los hogares de bajos ingresos, lo que dio lugar a un coste fiscal superior al necesario para amortiguar el impacto distributivo del shock inflacionario.This paper analyses the distributional impact of high consumer inflation in the euro area and government measures to compensate households in 2022. The study uses the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union (EUROMOD) with microdata as the input – EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) and household budget surveys (HBS) – to quantify the distributional impact of inflation, income support measures and measures aimed at containing prices. The analysis confirms that purchasing power and welfare were more severely affected by the 2022 inflation surge among lower-income households than among higher-income households. Fiscal measures compensated households for about a third of their welfare loss, though with significant differences across countries. At the same time, fiscal measures reduced the inequality gap between lower and higher-income households by around 60%. Most fiscal measures were not particularly well targeted at low-income households, resulting in a higher than necessary fiscal burden to cushion the distributional impact of the inflationary shock

Cytogenetical studies in five Atlantic Anguilliformes fishes

The order Anguilliformes comprises 15 families, 141 genera and 791 fish species. Eight families had at least one karyotyped species, with a prevalence of 2n = 38 chromosomes and high fundamental numbers (FN). The only exception to this pattern is the family Muraenidae, in which the eight species analyzed presented 2n = 42 chromosomes. Despite of the large number of Anguilliformes species, karyotypic reports are available for only a few representatives. In the present work, a species of Ophichthidae, Myrichthys ocellatus (2n = 38; 8m+14sm+10st+6a; FN = 70) and four species of Muraenidae, Enchelycore nigricans (2n = 42; 6m+8sm+12st+16a; FN = 68), Gymnothorax miliaris (2n = 42; 14m+18sm+10st; FN = 84), G. vicinus (2n = 42; 8m+6sm+28a; FN = 56) and Muraena pavonina (2n = 42; 6m+4sm+32a; FN = 52), collected along the Northeastern coast of Brazil and around the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago were analyzed. Typical large metacentric chromosomes were observed in all species. Conspicuous polymorphic heterochromatic regions were observed at the centromeres of most chromosomes and at single ribosomal sites. The data obtained for Ophichthidae corroborate the hypothesis of a karyotypic diversification mainly due to pericentric inversions and Robertsonian rearrangements, while the identification of constant chromosome numbers in Muraenidae (2n = 42) suggests a karyotype diversification through pericentric inversions and heterochromatin processes

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Consistent and Unbiased Carbon Dioxide Emission Multipliers: Performance of Danish Emission Reductions Via External Trade

Climate change research is currently a topic of great interest for economic researchers. In particular, environmental input¿output analysis increasingly plays an important role in measuring the economic and environmental effects of sustainable development policies in Europe. Other approaches also exist, such as econometric modelling, in which impacts are quantified on statistical grounds and with certain desirable properties (efficient estimates, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, etc.) that are not found in the input¿output approach. Consequently, this paper merges the two approaches to address the calculation of unbiased and consistent carbon dioxide emission multipliers for Denmark and their respective confidence intervals. The use of the supply and use system instead of the symmetric input¿output table also presents the opportunity to avoid the common problems associated with the construction of technical coefficients (technology assumptions, negatives, etc.). Moreover, a new policy-relevant application of these multipliers is introduced: the quantification of the performance of the carbon dioxide emission reductions carried out by industries via external trading.JRC.J.5-Sustainable Production and Consumptio

New approach for the assignment of new European agricultural subsidies using scores from data envelopment analysis: Application to olive-growing farms in Andalusia (Spain)

More than 60% of olive-growing farms in Andalusia (Spain) would have negative returns without European agricultural subsidies. Agenda 2000 criteria imply that agricultural subsidies currently play the role of enhancing the production quality and the environmental and social values of agriculture. Although the necessity of the modulation of subsidies is stated, the EU regulations do not state which objective criteria should be used or how they should be measured, despite the fact that regulations demand objectivity in this measurement. This paper proposes an allocation system for subsidies which takes the Agenda 2000 criteria into account through their assignment according to Farm Efficiency which is calculated by decomposing overall DEA Scores, by means of internalizing the positive and negative externalities of agricultural activity. The paper analyzes the Type Efficiency of the Andalusian olive-growing sector by using the proposed indexes over a sample of 3000 real farms, taken from the administrative subsidy database.Data envelopment analysis OR in government Olive-growing European Union Common Agricultural Policy Subsidy assignment

Key Activities Under Joint Input-output, Econometric and DEA Approaches: The Case of Turkey

Recent contributions in input-output analysis (ten Raa and Rueda-Cantuche, 2007) show that backward input-output multipliers can be computed by using firms' micro data and econometrics, thus keeping statistical properties of consistency and unbiasedness. The analysis can be extended to forward multipliers and with supply and use tables instead of micro data. However, standard input-output analysis provides the former two impact measures as starting points to identify key sectors by means of several indicators, for which there is no general agreement on the most appropriate. In order to circumvent this issue, this paper adds the DEA approach to the extended econometric framework with the aim of identifying key activities (instead of key sectors) in terms of the backward and forward potential increase of outputs and employment. The empirical work is carried out for the Turkish economy.JRC.J.2-Competitiveness and Sustainabilit

Uncertainty in monthly GHI due to daily data gaps

The common presence of gaps in solar irradiance series led to the development of new methods for quantifying uncertainty in evidence, and new schemes of inference from uncertain data. The uncertainty of monthly Global Horizontal solar Irradiation (GHI) averages is assessed in this study by investigating the impact of different amounts of daily data gaps. This paper quantifies the uncertainty in the calculation of monthly GHI values in the presence of daily gaps as a function of the monthly clearness index, ktm (ratio of the monthly GHI to its corresponding extraterrestrial solar irradiation at the same plane). The results indicate an inverse relation between ktm and GHI uncertainty due to daily data gaps: for the least clear skies (minimum ktm), even just a single day missing introduces an uncertainty four times bigger than the best scenario. This difference increases with the number of missing days.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi