First-principles calculations of X-ray absorption spectra at the K-edge of 3d transition metals: an electronic structure analysis of the pre-edge

International audienceWe first present an extended introduction of the various methods used to extract electronic and structural information from the K pre-edge X-ray absorption spectra of 3d transition metal ions. The K pre-edge structure is then modelled for a selection of 3d transition metal compounds and analyzed using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) in the local density approximation (LDA). The selected compounds under study are presented in an ascending order of electronic structure complexity, starting with the Ti K-edge of rutile and anatase, and finishing with the Fe K-edge of the cyanomet-myoglobin. In most cases, the calculations are compared to polarized experimental spectra. It is shown that DFT-LDA methods enable us to reproduce satisfactorily the experimental features and to understand the nature of the electronic transitions involved in the pre-edge region. The limiting aspects of such methods in modelling the core-hole electron interaction and the 3d electron-electron repulsion are also pointed out

Site symmetry and crystal symmetry: a spherical tensor analysis

The relation between the properties of a specific crystallographic site and the properties of the full crystal is discussed by using spherical tensors. The concept of spherical tensors is introduced and the way it transforms under the symmetry operations of the site and from site to site is described in detail. The law of spherical tensor coupling is given and illustrated with the example of the electric dipole and quadrupole transitions in x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The main application of the formalism is the reduction of computation time in the calculation of the properties of crystals by band structure methods. The general approach is illustrated by the examples of substitutional chromium in spinel and substitutional vanadium in garnet.Comment: 27 pages, 3 figure

Phonon effects on x-ray absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies

In material sciences, spectroscopic approaches combining ab initio calculations with experiments are commonly used to accurately analyze the experimental spectral data. Most state-of-the-art first-principle calculations are usually performed assuming an equilibrium static lattice. Yet, nuclear motion affects spectra even when reduced to the zero-point motion at 0 K. We propose a framework based on Density-Functional Theory that includes quantum thermal fluctuations in theoretical X- ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and allows to well describe temperature effects observed experimentally. Within the Born-Oppenheimer and quasi-harmonic approximations, we incorporate the nuclear motion by generating several non-equilibrium configurations from the dynamical matrix. The averaged calculated XANES and NMR spectral data have been compared to experiments in MgO, proof-of-principle compound. The good agreement obtained between experiments and calculations validates the developed approach, which suggests that calculating the XANES spectra at finite temperature by averaging individual non-equilibrium configurations is a suitable approximation. This study high- lights the relevance of phonon renormalization and the relative contributions of thermal expansion and nuclear dynamics on NMR and XANES spectra on a wide range of temperatures.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 1 appendi

Prussian Blue analogs and transition metal K-edge XMCD: a longstanding friendship

Prussian Blue analogs (PBAs) are well-known coordination polymers offering a wide range of properties, and their fundamental understanding requires their investigations by various techniques. One of them is transition metal (TM) K-edge X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD), which is element selective, bulk sensitive and compatible with a wide range of experimental conditions. This short review presents the reciprocal investigation of PBA with TM K-edge XMCD, from the first studies demonstrating that qualitative local magnetic information could be obtained on PBA from TM K-edge XMCD until our on-going project aiming at fundamentally understanding TM K-edge XMCD thanks to PBAs as model-compounds

Prussian Blue analogs and transition metal K-edge XMCD: a longstanding friendship

Prussian Blue analogs (PBAs) are well-known coordination polymers offering a wide range of properties, and their fundamental understanding requires their investigations by various techniques. One of them is transition metal (TM) K-edge X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD), which is element selective, bulk sensitive and compatible with a wide range of experimental conditions. This short review presents the reciprocal investigation of PBA with TM K-edge XMCD, from the first studies demonstrating that qualitative local magnetic information could be obtained on PBA from TM K-edge XMCD until our on-going project aiming at fundamentally understanding TM K-edge XMCD thanks to PBAs as model-compounds

X-ray Linear Dichroism in cubic compounds: the case of Cr3+ in MgAl2O4

The angular dependence (x-ray linear dichroism) of the Cr K pre-edge in MgAl2O4:Cr3+ spinel is measured by means of x-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and compared to calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and ligand field multiplet theory (LFM). We also present an efficient method, based on symmetry considerations, to compute the dichroism of the cubic crystal starting from the dichroism of a single substitutional site. DFT shows that the electric dipole transitions do not contribute to the features visible in the pre-edge and provides a clear vision of the assignment of the 1s-->3d transitions. However, DFT is unable to reproduce quantitatively the angular dependence of the pre-edge, which is, on the other side, well reproduced by LFM calculations. The most relevant factors determining the dichroism of Cr K pre-edge are identified as the site distortion and 3d-3d electronic repulsion. From this combined DFT, LFM approach is concluded that when the pre-edge features are more intense than 4 % of the edge jump, pure quadrupole transitions cannot explain alone the origin of the pre-edge. Finally, the shape of the dichroic signal is more sensitive than the isotropic spectrum to the trigonal distortion of the substitutional site. This suggests the possibility to obtain quantitative information on site distortion from the x-ray linear dichroism by performing angular dependent measurements on single crystals

Spin-state studies with XES and RIXS: From static to ultrafast

We report on extending hard X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) along with resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to study ultrafast phenomena in a pump-probe scheme at MHz repetition rates. The investigated systems include low-spin (LS) Fe-II complex compounds, where optical pulses induce a spin-state transition to their (sub)nanosecond-lived high-spin (HS) state. Time-resolved XES clearly reflects the spin-state variations with very high signal-to-noise ratio, in agreement with HS-LS difference spectra measured at thermal spin crossover, and reference HS-LS systems in static experiments, next to multiplet calculations. The 1s2p RIXS, measured at the Fe Is pre-edge region, shows variations after laser excitation, which are consistent with the formation of the HS state. Our results demonstrate that X-ray spectroscopy experiments with overall rather weak signals, such as RIXS, can now be reliably exploited to study chemical and physical transformations on ultrafast time scales. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Visualizing the non-equilibrium dynamics of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer with femtosecond X-ray pulses

Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer preceding energy equilibration still poses many experimental and conceptual challenges to the optimization of photoconversion since an atomic-scale description has so far been beyond reach. Here we combine femtosecond transient optical absorption spectroscopy with ultrafast X-ray emission spectroscopy and diffuse X-ray scattering at the SACLA facility to track the non-equilibrated electronic and structural dynamics within a bimetallic donor–acceptor complex that contains an optically dark centre. Exploiting the 100-fold increase in temporal resolution as compared with storage ring facilities, these measurements constitute the first X-ray-based visualization of a non-equilibrated intramolecular electron transfer process over large interatomic distances. Experimental and theoretical results establish that mediation through electronically excited molecular states is a key mechanistic feature. The present study demonstrates the extensive potential of femtosecond X-ray techniques as diagnostics of non-adiabatic electron transfer processes in synthetic and biological systems, and some directions for future studies, are outlined

Propriétés spectroscopiques et structure électronique du vanadium dans des matériaux complexes: Implications géologiques et technologiques

The aim of this thesis is the investigation of the spectroscopic properties and the electronic structure of vanadium in minerals with a geological and/or technological interest. V K-edge HERFD-XAS experiments were combined with a theoretical determination of the measured spectra. Two approaches were complementary used to calculate the spectra: an ab initio approach and a multielectronic one. Theoretical developments based on a spherical tensor analysis and the coset method were achieved and applied to the X-ray absorption cross-section, in order to extract the spectroscopic properties of the crystal from those of a single site. The spectral signature of V3+ in grossular (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3) was determined using the angular dependence of the XANES pre-edge features. This mineral is therefore a reliable reference compound for further study of the vanadium oxidation state in glasses, minerals and synthetic compounds. Vanadium is also used as a dopant in anatase (TiO2) in which it is incorporated under the +IV oxidation state. The investigation of its local environment showed that vanadium is not incorporated in the Ti-substitutional site but may be incorporated in the interstitial one. Finally, the oxidation state of vanadium in natural and synthetic samples of titanomagnetite (Fe3-xTixO4 :V) from the Bushveld Complex (South Africa) was determined and the +III and +IV oxidation states were shown to coexist. Despite this detailed investigation, the geological implication of their relative variations on the crystallization of the giant magnetite layers is still not well understood.Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les propriétés spectroscopiques et la structure électronique du vanadium dans différents minéraux d'intérêt géologique et/ou technologique. Une approche expérimentale basée sur la spectroscopie HERFD-XAS au seuil K du vanadium a été combinée à une approche théorique. Cette dernière couple calculs ab initio et calculs multiélectroniques des spectres XANES, permettant une interprétation plus fine des spectres expérimentaux. Des développements théoriques basés sur les tenseurs sphériques et la méthode des cosets ont été effectués puis appliqués au cas de la section efficace d'absorption des rayons X, afin d'extraire les propriétés spectroscopiques du cristal à partir de celles d'un site individuel. La signature spectrale de V3+ dans le grossulaire (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3) a été déterminée grâce à la dépendance angulaire du préseuil de son spectre XANES. Ce minéral peut donc être utilisé de manière fiable comme composé de référence dans l'étude du degré d'oxydation du vanadium dans des verres, de minéraux et de composés synthétiques. Le vanadium peut être incorporé comme dopant dans l'anatase (TiO2 ) sous forme de vanadium tétravalent. Son environnement local dans l'anatase a été sondé, montrant que le vanadium n'est pas incorporé en substitution du titane. Enfin, le degré d'oxydation du vanadium dans les titanomagnétites (Fe3-xTixO4 :V) du Bushveld (Afrique du Sud) a été déterminé pour des échantillons naturels et synthétiques. La coexistence de deux degrés d'oxydation (+III et +IV) a été montrée mais les implications de leur variations relatives sur la formation des couches géantes de magnétite dans le Bushveld restent encore mal comprises

Influence of the number of alkali cation on the photo-induced Co III Fe II ↔ Co II Fe III charge transfer in Cs x CoFe PBAs – A Co K-edge XANES study

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