An estimation of the social cost of illicit drug consumption in Catalonia

Drogas ilegales; Coste de la enfermedad; Costes sociales; Planes nacionalesDrogues il·legals; Cost de la malaltia; Costos socials; Plans nacionalsIllegal drugs; Cost of illness; Social costs; National plansWorldwide, as well as in Spain, the use of illegal drugs is among the major contributors to the global burden of disease. Quantifying the costs that illegal drugs impose on society is key in terms of decision-making. The objective of this paper is to estimate the social cost of illicit drug consumption in Catalonia for a specific year, and to establish a methodology to be able to replicate such estimations regularly and monitor properly the impact of national plans. To do that, a cost of illness study was performed. For the estimation of mortality and morbidity costs, we relied on the Attributable Fraction approach. Only public sector costs were included: healthcare and non-healthcare costs. The cost of illegal drug consumption in Catalonia in 2011 was estimated at €326.39 million (0.16% of the Catalan GDP in 2011; 0.15% in 2018). Of the total cost, 82% corresponded to direct costs. Among direct costs, 30.32% corresponded to the penal system, 15.99% to hospitalizations, 13.48% to the police force, 17.19% to pharmacy, 8.34% to treatment in specialized centres, and 5.74% to therapeutic communities, among others. Indirect costs represented 18% of total costs, mostly lost income due to drug-related death. This study has been an opportunity to systematically collect data and think about the potential economic returns that could be achieved from effective policies and programs aimed at reducing the consumption of illegal drugs.Mundialmente, así como en España, el consumo de drogas ilegales es uno los principales contribuyentes a la carga mundial de morbilidad. Cuantificar los costes que las drogas ilegales imponen a la sociedad es clave para la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el coste social del consumo de drogas ilegales en Cataluña para un año específico y establecer una metodología para poder replicar dichas estimaciones regularmente y monitorear el impacto de los planes nacionales. Se ha realizado un estudio de coste de la enfermedad. Para la estimación de los costes de mortalidad y morbilidad se ha utilizado el enfoque de la fracción atribuible. Solo se incluyeron los costes del sector público, sanitarios y no sanitarios. El coste del consumo de drogas ilegales en Cataluña en 2011 se estimó en € 326,39 millones (0,16 % del PIB catalán en 2011; 0,15 % en 2018). El 82 % del coste total correspondió a costes directos; de estos, el 30,32 % correspondió al sistema penal, 15,99 % a hospitalizaciones, 13,48 % a la policía, 17,19 % a farmacia, 8,34 % a tratamiento en centros especializados y 5,74 % a comunidades terapéuticas, entre otros. Los costes indirectos representaron el 18 % de los costes totales, principalmente pérdidas de productividad debidas a muertes por el consumo de drogas. Este estudio ha sido una oportunidad para recopilar datos de forma sistemática y pensar en los posibles rendimientos económicos que podrían obtenerse de políticas y programas efectivos destinados a reducir el consumo de drogas ilegales

Some interesting gasteroid and secotioid fungi from Sonora, Mexico

Nine rare species of gasteroid and secotioid fungi from Sonora, Mexico are treated here: Agaricus texensis (= Longula texensis), Araneosa columellata, Calvatia bicolor, C. craniiformis, C. pygmaea, Disciseda hyalothrix, D. verrucosa, Endoptychum arizonicum, and D. stuckertii (= Abstoma stuckertii), which is a new combination. SEM micrographs of all studied taxa are included

Some interesting gasteroid and secotioid fungi from Sonora, Mexico

Nine rare species of gasteroid and secotioid fungi from Sonora, Mexico are treated here: Agaricus texensis (= Longula texensis), Araneosa columellata, Calvatia bicolor, C. craniiformis, C. pygmaea, Disciseda hyalothrix, D. verrucosa, Endoptychum arizonicum, and D. stuckertii (= Abstoma stuckertii), which is a new combination. SEM micrographs of all studied taxa are included

Effects and Mechanisms of Cognitive, Aerobic Exercise, and Combined Training on Cognition, Health, and Brain Outcomes in Physically Inactive Older Adults: The Projecte Moviment Protocol

Introduction: Age-related health, brain, and cognitive impairment is a great challenge in current society. Cognitive training, aerobic exercise and their combination have been shown to benefit health, brain, cognition and psychological status in healthy older adults. Inconsistent results across studies may be related to several variables. We need to better identify cognitive changes, individual variables that may predict the effect of these interventions, and changes in structural and functional brain outcomes as well as physiological molecular correlates that may be mediating these effects. Projecte Moviment is a multi-domain randomized trial examining the effect of these interventions applied 5 days per week for 3 months compared to a passive control group. The aim of this paper is to describe the sample, procedures and planned analyses. Methods: One hundred and forty healthy physically inactive older adults will be randomly assigned to computerized cognitive training (CCT), aerobic exercise (AE), combined training (COMB), or a control group. The intervention consists of a 3 month home-based program 5 days per week in sessions of 45 min. Data from cognitive, physical, and psychological tests, cardiovascular risk factors, structural and functional brain scans, and blood samples will be obtained before and after the intervention. Results: Effects of the interventions on cognitive outcomes will be described in intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses. We will also analyze potential genetic, demographic, brain, and physiological molecular correlates that may predict the effects of intervention, as well as the association between cognitive effects and changes in these variables using the per protocol sample. Discussion: Projecte Moviment is a multi-domain intervention trial based on prior evidence that aims to understand the effects of CCT, AE, and COMB on cognitive and psychological outcomes compared to a passive control group, and to determine related biological correlates and predictors of the intervention effects.Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03123900

Effects and Mechanisms of Cognitive, Aerobic Exercise, and Combined Training on Cognition, Health, and Brain Outcomes in Physically Inactive Older Adults : The Projecte Moviment Protocol

Altres ajuts: It has also been rewarded with three pre-doctoral fellowships ( FPU014/01460, FI-2016, and FI-2018).Introduction: Age-related health, brain, and cognitive impairment is a great challenge in current society. Cognitive training, aerobic exercise and their combination have been shown to benefit health, brain, cognition and psychological status in healthy older adults. Inconsistent results across studies may be related to several variables. We need to better identify cognitive changes, individual variables that may predict the effect of these interventions, and changes in structural and functional brain outcomes as well as physiological molecular correlates that may be mediating these effects. Projecte Moviment is a multi-domain randomized trial examining the effect of these interventions applied 5 days per week for 3 months compared to a passive control group. The aim of this paper is to describe the sample, procedures and planned analyses. Methods: One hundred and forty healthy physically inactive older adults will be randomly assigned to computerized cognitive training (CCT), aerobic exercise (AE), combined training (COMB), or a control group. The intervention consists of a 3 month home-based program 5 days per week in sessions of 45 min. Data from cognitive, physical, and psychological tests, cardiovascular risk factors, structural and functional brain scans, and blood samples will be obtained before and after the intervention. Results: Effects of the interventions on cognitive outcomes will be described in intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses. We will also analyze potential genetic, demographic, brain, and physiological molecular correlates that may predict the effects of intervention, as well as the association between cognitive effects and changes in these variables using the per protocol sample. Discussion: Projecte Moviment is a multi-domain intervention trial based on prior evidence that aims to understand the effects of CCT, AE, and COMB on cognitive and psychological outcomes compared to a passive control group, and to determine related biological correlates and predictors of the intervention effects. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03123900

Population-based analysis of the Healthcare expenditure in Catalonia (Spain) : what and who consumes more resources? Análisis poblacional del gasto en servicios sanitarios en Cataluña (España): ¿qué y quién consume más recursos?

Analizar la distribución del gasto sanitario según el ámbito asistencial y las características de los pacientes, utilizando microdatos del uso de servicios sanitarios del total de la población de Cataluña (España). Se ha aplicado una tarifa o un gasto indirecto a todos los actos sanitarios financiados por CatSalut durante 2014, computando el gasto sanitario realizado por cada persona y sumando para todos los habitantes de Cataluña. La suma del gasto sanitario realizado por todos los habitantes de Cataluña representa el 97,0% del presupuesto de CatSalut. La mitad de la población origina el 3,6% del gasto sanitario total (71 € por persona); un 1% de la población gastó el 23% del gasto (22.852 € por persona). El gasto medio más elevado, tanto en mujeres como en hombres, se da entre los 80 y los 89 años de edad. La población con una enfermedad crónica tiene un gasto medio anual de 413 €; con cinco, de 2413 €; y con 10, de 9626€. El gasto medio varía según patologías, desde los 2854 € en los pacientes con depresión grave a los 8097 € de los pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/sida. Los resultados son sumamente útiles para la planificación de los servicios sanitarios y para la priorización de intervenciones de política sanitaria en los colectivos con más necesidades

Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y BotánicaFac. de FarmaciaTRUEpu