The Morphological and Syntactic Status of the Analytic and Synthetic Future in Medieval Catalan

The goal of this paper is to investigate the morphological and syntactic properties of the synthetic and analytic future in medieval Catalan. The main claim is that the two future forms are independent structures. Despite their shared historical origin, they are not synchronically derived from a common syntactic structure. Both forms are words and, while the synthetic future is a word form consisting of a stem and inflectional affixes, like other verb forms, the analytic future is a compound consisting of an infinitive, a clitic cluster, and a bound auxiliary. The presence of socalled clitics in the analytic future is consistent with the claim that the analytic future is a word, if we assume the affixal status of clitics in medieval Catalan, an assumption that is supported by abundant evidence. The analysis of the analytic future as a compound shows that compounding, though generally found in lexeme-formation, is a morphological device that can be used to derive word forms in an inflectional paradigm.L'objectiu d'aquest treball és d'investigar les propietats morfològiques i sintàctiques dels futurs sintètic i analític en català medieval. La proposta principal és que les dues formes de futur són estructures independents. Si bé el seu origen històric és compartit, no deriven d'una estructura sintàctica comuna des del punt de vista sincrònic. Cadascuna d'aquestes formes és una paraula i, mentre que el futur sintètic és una forma de paraula formada per un radical i afixos de flexió, com altres formes verbals, el futur analític és un compost que consta d'un infinitiu, un grup de clítics i un auxiliar lligat. La presència dels anomenats clítics en el futur analític és compatible amb la proposta que el futur analític és una paraula, si adoptem la idea que els clítics són afixos en català medieval, una idea que es recolza en un nombre important de proves. L'anàlisi del futur analític com a compost implica que la composició, per bé que generalment es dona en la formació de lexemes, és un procés morfològic que es pot emprar per derivar formes d'un paradigma flexiu

Evolutionary dynamics of the elevational diversity gradient in passerine birds

These authors contributed equally: Paul van Els, Leonel Herrera-Alsina. Acknowledgements The research of P.v.E. was facilitated by the Adaptive Life Program of the Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Groningen. L.H.-A. thanks the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico for funding (CVU 385304 L). R.S.E. thanks the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for financial support through a VICI grant. A.L.P. is funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. We thank the Center for Information Technology of the University of Groningen for their support and for providing access to the Peregrine high-performance computing cluster.Peer reviewedPostprin

Rapid method for radiostrontium determination in milk in emergency situations using PS resin

[EN] This study describes a new and rapid procedure for radiostrontium determination in milk samples based on the use of plastic scintillation resins (PS resins). The proposed method reduces the time of analysis by at least 2 h by combining separation and measurement preparation into a single step and optimizing the pre-treatment steps. The method is robust and reproducible, with good total recoveries (65% on average) and a relative bias for total radiostrontium activity (Sr-89 + Sr-90) below 7%. The minimum detectable activity for 100 mL of milk sample measured for 60 min is about 0.34 Bq L-1. The proposed method can quantify radiostrontium content in 5 h, which makes it suitable for use in emergency situations.The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) for financial support, under CTM2014-02020 and the Catalan Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) for financial support, under 2014-SGR-1277. We should also like to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for finantial support under the "Programa propio para la Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI) de la UniversitatPolitecnica de Valencia - Subprograma 100.Sáez-Muñoz, M.; Bagán, H.; Tarancón, A.; García, JF.; Ortiz Moragón, J.; Martorell Alsina, SS. (2018). Rapid method for radiostrontium determination in milk in emergency situations using PS resin. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 315(3):543-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5682-3S5435553153International Atomic Energy Agency (2015) The fukushima daiichi accident, technical radiological consequences, vol 4. IAEA, ViennaInternational Atomic Energy Agency (2006) Environmental consequences of the chernobyl accident and their remediation: 20 years of experience, Report of the UN Chernobyl forum expert group “environment”, radiological assessment reports Series No. 8, IAEA, ViennaPovinec PP, Hirose K, Aoyama M (2013) Fukushima accident: radioactivity impact on the environment. Elsevier, ChinaCouncil Regulation (Euratom) 2016/52 of 15 January 2016 laying down maximum permitted levels of radioactive contamination of food and feed following a nuclear accident or any other case of radiological emergency, and repealing regulation (Euratom) No 3954/87 and commission regulations (Euratom) No 944/89 and (Euratom) No 770/90Vajda N, Kim CK (2010) Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: a review of analytical methodology. Appl Radiat Isot 68:2306–2326Brun S, Bessac S, Uridat D, Boursier B (2002) Rapid method for the determination of radiostrontium in milk. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 253(2):191–197Maxwell SL, Culligan BK (2009) Rapid method for determination of radiostrontium in emergency milk samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 279(3):757–760Kabai E, Hornung L, Savkin BT, Poppitz-Spuhler A, Hiersche L (2011) Fast method and ultra fast screening for determination of 90Sr in milk and dairy products. Sci Total Environ 410–411:235–240International Atomic Energy Agency (2013) Rapid simultaneous determination of 89Sr and 90Sr in milk: a procedure using cerenkov and scintillation counting, analytical quality in nuclear applications no. IAEA/AQ/27, IAEA, ViennaBagán H, Tarancón A, Rauret G, García JF (2011) Radiostrontium separation and measurement in a single step using plastic scintillators plus selective extractants application to aqueous sample analysis. Anal Chim Acta 686:50–56Barrera J, Tarancón A, Bagán H, García JF (2016) A new plastic scintillation resin for single-step separation, concentration and measurement of technetium-99. Anal Chim Acta 936:259–266Lluch E, Barrera J, Tarancón A, Bagán H, García JF (2016) Analysis of 210Pb in water samples with plastic scintillation resins. Anal Chim Acta 940:38–45Santiago L, Tarancón A, García JF (2016) Influence of preparation parameters on the synthesis of plastic scintillation microspheres and evaluation of sample preparation. Adv Powder Technol 27(4):1309–1317Savitzky A, Golay MJE (1964) Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least-squares procedures. Anal Chem 36:1627–1639Currie LA (1968) Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination. Application to radiochemistry. Anal Chem 40(3):586–593UNE 34829:1983, Determination of the calcium content of milkISO 12081:2010, IDF 36:2010, Milk—Determination of calcium content—titrimetric methodHeckel A, Vogl K (2009) Rapid method for determination of the activity concentrations of 89Sr and 90Sr. Appl Radiat Isot 67:794–796Kabai E, Savkin B, Mehlsam I, Poppitz-Spuhler A (2017) Combined method for the fast determination of pure beta emitting radioisotopes in food samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 311:1401–1408Eikenberg J, Beer H, Rüthi M, Zumsteg I, Vetter A (2005) Precise determination of 89Sr and 90Sr/90Y in various matrices: the LSC 3-window approach. LSC2005 Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, Radiocarbon, AZ, pp 237–249Kim CK, Al-Hamwi A, Toervenyi A, Kis-Benedek G, Sansone U (2009) Validation of rapid method for the determination of radiostrontium in milk. Appl Radiat Isot 67:786–79

The influence of ecological and geographic limits on the evolution of species distributions and diversity

This manuscript was enriched by constant discussions with members of Theoretical and Evolutionary Community Ecology. L.H.‐A. is supported by a grant from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CVU 385304). R.S.E. thanks the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for funding through a VICI grant. We are grateful to the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for the suggestions made which greatly improved the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Identifying key sources of uncertainty in the modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Water Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Water Research Vol. 47 (2013), DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.021This study investigates sources of uncertainty in the modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment, through the use of local and global sensitivity analysis tools, and contributes to an in-depth understanding of wastewater treatment modelling by revealing critical parameters and parameter interactions. One-factor-at-a-time sensitivity analysis is used to screen model parameters and identify those with significant individual effects on three performance indicators: total greenhouse gas emissions, effluent quality and operational cost. Sobol's method enables identification of parameters with significant higher order effects and of particular parameter pairs to which model outputs are sensitive. Use of a variance-based global sensitivity analysis tool to investigate parameter interactions enables identification of important parameters not revealed in one-factor-at-a-time sensitivity analysis. These interaction effects have not been considered in previous studies and thus provide a better understanding wastewater treatment plant model characterisation. It was found that uncertainty in modelled nitrous oxide emissions is the primary contributor to uncertainty in total greenhouse gas emissions, due largely to the interaction effects of three nitrogen conversion modelling parameters. The higher order effects of these parameters are also shown to be a key source of uncertainty in effluent quality

Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Energy Fluxes Using a Deep-Learning-Based High-Resolution Emissivity Model and the Two-Source Energy Balance Model with sUAS Information

Surface temperature is necessary for the estimation of energy fluxes and evapotranspiration from satellites and airborne data sources. For example, the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model uses thermal information to quantify canopy and soil temperatures as well as their respective energy balance components. While surface (also called kinematic) temperature is desirable for energy balance analysis, obtaining this temperature is not straightforward due to a lack of spatially estimated narrowband (sensor-specific) and broadband emissivities of vegetation and soil, further complicated by spectral characteristics of the UAV thermal camera. This study presents an effort to spatially model narrowband and broadband emissivities for a microbolometer thermal camera at UAV information resolution (~0.15 m) based on Landsat and NASA HyTES information using a deep learning (DL) model. The DL model is calibrated using equivalent optical Landsat / UAV spectral information to spatially estimate narrowband emissivity values of vegetation and soil in the 7–14- nm range at UAV resolution. The resulting DL narrowband emissivity values were then used to estimate broadband emissivity based on a developed narrowband-broadband emissivity relationship using the MODIS UCSB Emissivity Library database. The narrowband and broadband emissivities were incorporated into the TSEB model to determine their impact on the estimation of instantaneous energy balance components against ground measurements. The proposed effort was applied to information collected by the Utah State University AggieAir small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Program as part of the ARS-USDA GRAPEX Project (Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment) over a vineyard located in Lodi, California. A comparison of resulting energy balance component estimates, with and without the inclusion of high-resolution narrowband and broadband emissivities, against eddy covariance (EC) measurements under different scenarios are presented and discussed

Incorporation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Point Cloud Products into Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Models

In recent years, the deployment of satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has led to production of enormous amounts of data and to novel data processing and analysis techniques for monitoring crop conditions. One overlooked data source amid these efforts, however, is incorporation of 3D information derived from multi-spectral imagery and photogrammetry algorithms into crop monitoring algorithms. Few studies and algorithms have taken advantage of 3D UAV information in monitoring and assessment of plant conditions. In this study, different aspects of UAV point cloud information for enhancing remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) models, particularly the Two-Source Energy Balance Model (TSEB), over a commercial vineyard located in California are presented. Toward this end, an innovative algorithm called Vegetation Structural-Spectral Information eXtraction Algorithm (VSSIXA) has been developed. This algorithm is able to accurately estimate height, volume, surface area, and projected surface area of the plant canopy solely based on point cloud information. In addition to biomass information, it can add multi-spectral UAV information to point clouds and provide spectral-structural canopy properties. The biomass information is used to assess its relationship with in situ Leaf Area Index (LAI), which is a crucial input for ET models. In addition, instead of using nominal field values of plant parameters, spatial information of fractional cover, canopy height, and canopy width are input to the TSEB model. Therefore, the two main objectives for incorporating point cloud information into remote sensing ET models for this study are to (1) evaluate the possible improvement in the estimation of LAI and biomass parameters from point cloud information in order to create robust LAI maps at the model resolution and (2) assess the sensitivity of the TSEB model to using average/nominal values versus spatially-distributed canopy fractional cover, height, and width information derived from point cloud data. The proposed algorithm is tested on imagery from the Utah State University AggieAir sUAS Program as part of the ARS-USDA GRAPEX Project (Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment) collected since 2014 over multiple vineyards located in California. The results indicate a robust relationship between in situ LAI measurements and estimated biomass parameters from the point cloud data, and improvement in the agreement between TSEB model output of ET with tower measurements when employing LAI and spatially-distributed canopy structure parameters derived from the point cloud data

Multiple enhancers located in a 1-Mb region upstream of POU3F4 promote expression during inner ear development and may be required for hearing

POU3F4 encodes a POU-domain transcription factor required for inner ear development. Defects in POU3F4 function are associated with X-linked deafness type 3 (DFN3). Multiple deletions affecting up to ~900-kb upstream of POU3F4 are found in DFN3 patients, suggesting the presence of essential POU3F4 enhancers in this region. Recently, an inner ear enhancer was reported that is absent in most DFN3 patients with upstream deletions. However, two indications suggest that additional enhancers in the POU3F4 upstream region are required for POU3F4 function during inner ear development. First, there is at least one DFN3 deletion that does not eliminate the reported enhancer. Second, the expression pattern driven by this enhancer does not fully recapitulate Pou3f4 expression in the inner ear. Here, we screened a 1-Mb region upstream of the POU3F4 gene for additional cis-regulatory elements and searched for novel DFN3 mutations in the identified POU3F4 enhancers. We found several novel enhancers for otic vesicle expression. Some of these also drive expression in kidney, pancreas and brain, tissues that are known to express Pou3f4. In addition, we report a new and smallest deletion identified so far in a DFN3 family which eliminates 3.9 kb, comprising almost exclusively the previous reported inner ear enhancer. We suggest that multiple enhancers control the expression of Pou3f4 in the inner ear and these may contribute to the phenotype observed in DFN3 patients. In addition, the novel deletion demonstrates that the previous reported enhancer, although not sufficient, is essential for POU3F4 function during inner ear development