Diagnóstico Técnico y Análisis de Costos para la Rehabilitación de la Red Ferroviaria en la Sección Cartago-Páez-Yas

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Construcción) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería en Construcción, 2012.El proyecto titulado “Diagnóstico Técnico y Análisis de Costos para la Rehabilitación de la red ferroviaria en la sección Cartago-Páez-Yas”, pretende formar parte de la iniciativa de rescate de la red ferroviaria nacional. Tiene como objetivo realizar el diagnóstico técnico del estado actual y análisis presupuestario para una posible rehabilitación de la sección Cartago-El Yas. Para ello, se analizaron los componentes relacionados con la vía férrea, a saber, secciones transversales y sus elementos, requerimientos de diseño, métodos y materiales constructivos, amenazas naturales, metodologías de mantenimiento y aspectos legales que en conjunto determinan el espacio físico de una vía férrea. Se procedió a investigar rehabilitaciones anteriores y los trabajos actuales en la ruta Curridabat-Cartago, con el fin de detectar las actividades que se realizan, su rendimiento y su costo, y así proponer una solución integral realista al presupuesto nacional destinado para este tema. El tramo en estudio tiene una extensión de 14.4 km, desde la estación de Cartago (1466 msnm) hasta el apartadero de El Yas (1222 msnm); para mayor claridad de análisis, se dividió en cinco secciones claramente definidas. Se determinó que el 19% del recorrido presenta condiciones aceptables para pre-rehabilitación; con fines de transporte público, el 100% del tramo no es apto para su uso y requiere de intervención. Con respecto a la superestructura, el 4% de los rieles, el 100% de los durmientes y sujeciones, el 12% de las eclisas y el 100% del balastro, debe ser reemplazado. El costo para la rehabilitación es de ¢2.418.132.651,26 millones de colones, dando un costo de ¢168.714.053.03 1millones por kilómetro. Adicionalmente se incluyeron propuestas de monitoreo y de electrificación y sus respectivos presupuestos.Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería en Construcción

Turning light into a liquid via atomic coherence

We study a four level atomic system with electromagnetically induced transparency with giant $\chi^{(3)}$ and $\chi^{(5)}$ susceptibilities of opposite signs. This system would allow to obtain multidimensional solitons and light condensates with surface tension properties analogous to those of usual liquids

The Chiral Critical Point in 3-Flavour QCD

We determine the second order endpoint of the line of first order phase transitions, which occur in the light quark mass regime of 3-flavour QCD at finite temperature, and analyze universal properties of this chiral critical point. A detailed analysis of Binder cumulants and the joint probability distributions of energy like and ordering-field like observables confirms that the chiral critical point belongs to the universality class of the three dimensional Ising model. From a calculation with improved gauge and staggered fermion actions we estimate that the transition is first order for pseudo-scalar meson masses less than about 200 MeV.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX2e File, 7 EPS-file

Investigation on the in vitro inhibitory mechanisms of resveratrol on varicella-zoster virus

【目的】 1、应用构建的水痘-带状疱疹病毒（VZV）报告细胞系MV9G进一步研究白黎芦醇体外抑制VZV的作用机制。 2、进一步验证应用VZV报告细胞MV9G筛选抗VZV药物并研究其作用机制的可行性。 【方法】 1、将无细胞VZV直接感染MV9G细胞（CFVs直接感染）或将带细胞VZV与MV9G细胞共培养（CAVs共培养）以激发MV9G细胞表达报告基因萤火虫荧光素酶。 2、在CFVs直接感染前或CAVs共培养不同时间点加入白黎芦醇，通过比较药物对CFVs或CAVs激发荧光素酶的抑制强度分析白黎芦醇直接灭活病毒、抑制病毒粘附和穿透、抑制病毒在细胞内复制及其时间点和可逆性。 3、通过...Objectives 1. To further investigate the in vitro inhibitory mechanism(s) of resveratrol on varicella-zoster virus (VZV) with our previously generated reporter cell line MV9G. 2. To further verify the application of VZV reporter cell line MV9G to screening for anti-VZV drug and investigating its inhibitory mechanisms. Methods 1. Cell-free VZVs (CFVs) were directly inoculated onto monolayer...学位：医学硕士院系专业：医学院_肿瘤学学号：2452010115338

Statistical Evaluation of Monophyly in the ‘Broad-Nosed Weevils’ through Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Combining Mitochondrial Genome and Single-Locus Sequences (Curculionidae: Entiminae, Cyclominae, and Hyperinae)

Establishing well-supported monophyletic groups is a key requirement for producing a natural classification that reflects evolutionary descent. In a phylogenetic framework this is best achieved through dense taxon sampling and the analysis of a robust character dataset, combined with statistical testing of topological hypotheses. This study assesses the monophyly of tribes and subfamilies within the diverse ‘broad-nosed weevils’ (Curculionidae: Entiminae, Cyclominae and Hyperinae) through analysis of single-locus sequence data for mitochondrial cox1 and rrnL genes, in combination with a ‘backbone’ of complete and near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses incorporating topological constraints for various higher-taxa were statistically tested using the AU, SH, and KH tests, which indicated that three tribes within Entiminae, as presently classified, are not monophyletic. Moderate and high bootstrap support was also consistent with two entimine tribes (Peritelini and Cylydrorhinini) being each recovered as monophyletic in an unconstrained analysis. Furthermore, one genus of cyclomine weevils (Aphela) is recovered outside the clade of ‘broad-nosed weevils’, although its taxonomic placement remains uncertain. It is apparent that the present approach may be hampered by limited taxon sampling in the ‘backbone’ dataset, rendering it difficult for divergent taxa to robustly match to their closest lineages. However, with improved taxon sampling of the mitogenome tree, the general approach can be a useful taxonomic tool for weevils

The Delta-Hole model at Finite Temperature

The spectral function of pions interacting with a gas of nucleons and Delta-33-resonances is investigated using the formalism of Thermo Field Dynamics. After a discussion of the zero Delta-width approximation at finite temperature, we take into account a constant width of the resonance. Apart from a full numerical calculation, we give analytical approximations to the pionic spectral function including such a width. They are found to be different from previous approximations, and require an increase of the effective Delta-width in hot compressed nuclear matter. The results are summarized in an effective dispersion relation for interacting pions.Comment: 34 pages in standard LaTeX GSI-preprint No. GSI-93-2

De-Trending Time Series for Astronomical Variability Surveys

We present a de-trending algorithm for the removal of trends in time series. Trends in time series could be caused by various systematic and random noise sources such as cloud passages, changes of airmass, telescope vibration or CCD noise. Those trends undermine the intrinsic signals of stars and should be removed. We determine the trends from subsets of stars that are highly correlated among themselves. These subsets are selected based on a hierarchical tree clustering algorithm. A bottom-up merging algorithm based on the departure from normal distribution in the correlation is developed to identify subsets, which we call clusters. After identification of clusters, we determine a trend per cluster by weighted sum of normalized light-curves. We then use quadratic programming to de-trend all individual light-curves based on these determined trends. Experimental results with synthetic light-curves containing artificial trends and events are presented. Results from other de-trending methods are also compared. The developed algorithm can be applied to time series for trend removal in both narrow and wide field astronomy.Comment: Revised version according to the referee's second revie

Conformal Transformation in Gravity

The conformal transformation in the Einstein - Hilbert action leads to a new frame where an extra scalar degree of freedom is compensated by the local conformal-like symmetry. We write down a most general action resulting from such transformation and show that it covers both general relativity and conformally coupled to gravity scalar field as the particular cases. On quantum level the equivalence between the different frames is disturbed by the loop corrections. New conformal-like symmetry in anomalous and, as a result, the theory is not finite on shell at the one-loop order.Comment: LaTeX, 12 pages, no figure

Core-collapse supernovae missed by optical surveys

We estimate the fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) that remain undetected by optical SN searches due to obscuration by large amounts of dust in their host galaxies. This effect is especially important in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies, which are locally rare but dominate the star formation at redshifts of z~1-2. We perform a detailed investigation of the SN activity in the nearby luminous infrared galaxy Arp 299 and estimate that up to 83% of the SNe in Arp 299 and in similar galaxies in the local Universe are missed by observations at optical wavelengths. For rest-frame optical surveys we find the fraction of SNe missed due to high dust extinction to increase from the average local value of ~19% to ~38% at z~1.2 and then stay roughly constant up to z~2. It is therefore crucial to take into account the effects of obscuration by dust when determining SN rates at high redshift and when predicting the number of CCSNe detectable by future high-z surveys such as LSST, JWST, and Euclid. For a sample of nearby CCSNe (distances 6-15 Mpc) detected during the last 12 yr, we find a lower limit for the local CCSN rate of 1.5 +0.4/-0.3 x 10^-4 yr^-1 Mpc^-3, consistent with that expected from the star formation rate. Even closer, at distances less than ~6 Mpc, we find a significant increase in the CCSN rate, indicating a local overdensity of star formation caused by a small number of galaxies that have each hosted multiple SNe.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 11 tables, minor changes to match the published versio

XMM-NEWTON Observations of Red AGN

XMM-Newton spectra of five red, 2MASS AGN, selected from a sample observed by Chandra to be relatively X-ray bright and to cover a range of hardness ratios, confirm the presence of substantial absorbing material in three sources with optical classifications ranging from Type 1 to Type 2. A flat (hard), power law continuum is observed in the other two. The combination of X-ray absorption and broad optical emission lines suggests either a small (nuclear) absorber or a favored viewing angle so as to cover the X-ray source but not the broad emission line region (BELR). A soft excess is detected in all three Type 1 sources. We speculate that this may arise in an extended region of ionised gas, perhaps linked with the polarised (scattered) optical light present in these sources. The spectral complexity revealed by XMM-Newton emphasizes the limitations of the low S/N \chandra data. The new results strengthen our earlier conclusions that the observed X-ray continua of red AGN are unusually hard at energies >2 keV. Their observed spectra are consistent with contributing significantly to the missing hard/absorbed population of the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXRB) although their intrinsic power law slopes are typical of broad-line (Type 1) AGN (Gamma ~1.7-1.9). This suggests that the missing X-ray-absorbed CXRB population may include Type 1 AGN/QSOs in addition to the Type 2 AGN generally assumed.Comment: 29 page