Aerobic Stability of Corn Silages Inoculated with Novel isolate of Lactic acid bacteria separated from Various Sources

Introduction: Corn silage is a major source of forage for ruminants, which provides a higher energy level compared to other forages. But it is susceptible to aerobic deterioration, because yeasts utilize the lactic acid, produced by lactic acid bacteria, as a source of energy. Thus, silages become a favor environment for the growth of mold and bacteria. The susceptibility of a silage to the aerobic deterioration is an important factor since it is directly related to its quality and nutritive value. When silage is exposed to air, increase of temperature and pH may occur, resulting in soluble carbohydrates loss and fermentation of the products of microbial metabolism, reducing its quality. Aerobic stability is an important feature in the evaluation of corn silage quality. Researchers reports that the use of lactic acid bacteria can improve fermentation and aerobic stability of silage. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the chemical compositions and concentration of fermentation end products that occur in corn silages with or without microbial inoculants during aerobic exposure and to select bacterial strains that can improve the aerobic stability after silo opening.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from corn silage, the intestinal contents of broilers, laying hens, Turkey, Ostrich and assess their effects on the quality and aerobic stability of maize silage. The LAB strains were inoculated into aqueous extract obtained from maize to evaluate their production of metabolites, pH reduction and antimicrobial activity. One hundred and twenty-one strains were isolated from various sources in the Laboratory, which all isolates were considered to be LAB as determined by Gram-stain appearance, catalase test and lactic acid productivity. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence of representative strains was used to confirm the presence of the predominant groups. The sequences from the various LAB isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank type strains between 99% and 100%. Five LAB strains that showed the best results were assessed in experimental silos. All treatments were ensiled in laboratory-scale silos for 105 days, and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 8 days. Silage samples were collected at 0, 4 and 8 days after aerobic exposure to determinate the changes in the chemical compositions, products of fermentation, and to evaluate the silages microbial changes to determine the aerobic deterioration. Data in the experimental design, after opening the silos, were analyzed in a completely randomized design with nine replicates by GLM procedure of SAS software. In aerobic conditions, the data were analyzed as repeated measures in time. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design by GLM procedure of SAS software. Variance analysis and multiple comparisons of data were performed using the GLM procedure of and the means were separated by Tukey’s test.Results and Discussion: The results indicated that after 105 days of conservation, all silages had good fermentation characteristics with low pH (<3.80) and ethanol concentration and high lactic acid contents (P<0.01). A linear decrease in pH values and water-soluble carbohydrates contents were observed. Addition of lactic acid bacteria, increased acetic acid, but decreased ethanol contents of inoculated silages compared to the control (P<0.01).  Across treatments, there were significant differences in the yeast populations (P<0.01). The population of yeasts which was initially high in the fresh forage (5.57 log cfu g−1 forage) before ensiling and a drastic reduction in the numbers of yeasts was observed in all silages throughout the experiment. The addition Lactobacillus Fermentum resulted in a higher concentration of acetic acid and reduced populations of yeasts in silage compared to the other silage treatments, and a lower ethanol concentration in the silage (P<0.01). The strains tested were able to modify the fermentative and chemical parameters and the populations of yeasts of silage after aerobic exposure.  Aerobic stability of corn silages was associated with high acetic acid and reduction the populations of yeasts. all Lactobacillus strains promoted an increase in aerobic stability of silage. Addition of lactic acid bacteria, further improved silage aerobic stability with more acetic acid production and reduction the populations of yeasts (P<0.01). After 8 days of aerobic exposure, inoculated silage with Lactobacillus Fermentum remained stable, but the control silage deteriorated as indicated by a reduction in lactic acid and an increase in pH, and numbers of yeast (P<0.01). These results proved the advantage of microbial inoculation. The best Lactobacillus strains is Lactobacillus Fermentum because it provides more stable pH, production higher acetic acid, higher reduction of yeasts and filamentous fungi in maize silage, thereby decreasing the aerobic deterioration by these microorganisms.Conclusion: The results showed that application of inoculants is recommended because it promoted higher production of acetic acid, reducing the populations of yeast and filamentous fungi, a more stable pH and, therefore, improving the aerobic stability of silages. The best inoculation is Lactobacillus Fermentum because it provides higher reduction of yeast and filamentous fungi in maize silage, thereby decreasing the aerobic deterioration by these microorganisms. The Lactobacillus Fermentum strain show the best results in relation to silage aerobic stability

Risk perceptions of Airbnb hosts: Evidence from a Mediterranean island

In the context of the sharing economy, Airbnb has become a formidable mode of accommodation in the tourism industry worldwide, with a presence in over 34,000 cities in 191 countries. However, the risks associated with online bookings are significant dimensions of this e-market domain. This study assesses Airbnb hosts’ perceived risks and investigates the effects of service, financial, safety and security, psychological and political risks on the host’s satisfaction and intention to continue and recommend this business to potential hosts. A survey was administered to 221 Airbnb hosts located in Northern Cyprus. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed conceptual model. The results revealed that host satisfaction is negatively influenced by financial and safety and security risks; continuance intention is negatively affected by financial, safety and security, and political risks; intention to recommend this business is negatively affected by political risk; and psychological risk increases satisfaction and intention to continue and recommend. By highlighting the theoretical and managerial implications, this study informs Airbnb management of the potential risks associated with this peer-to-peer (P2P) business in order to minimize the associated risks, enhance host satisfaction and the quality of their services, and encourage hosts to recommend Airbnb to their peers

Observed and projected trends of extreme precipitation and maximum temperature during 1992–2100 in Isfahan province, Iran using REMO model and copula theory

AbstractMeteorological extreme events have a major impact on water resources, economic development, and ecosystem health. In this study, maximum precipitation and maximum temperature indices were derived for Isfahan province, in central Iran, over the historical (1992–2017) and future (2020–2100) periods. Precipitation and maximum temperature data from the REMO model under RCP4.5 scenario were used to investigate changes in extreme values over the future period. The results showed that extreme precipitation in the historical and future periods has respectively a decreasing and increasing trend. Based on the extreme indices, temperature in the study area has a significant increasing trend in the baseline and future period. Various combinations of extreme precipitation indicators were created for joint modeling by copula theory. Copula modeling for the three weather stations for which REMO had satisfactory performance in simulating extremes over the historic period showed that the average return period of extreme precipitation combinations will be reduced in the future period compared to the historical period at Daran and Shahreza, while the average return period of combinations will have both increasing and decreasing trends at Naeen.Recommendations for Resource Managers Knowing information about the probability of occurrence of extreme precipitation with a certain value that exceeds a certain threshold will help planning for water resource systems under drought conditions and future increasing temperature. The joint return period of extreme precipitation can help to know the return period of extreme events such as floods and droughts. The findings of this study are important to assess the prediction of climate extreme. Also, these results can be useful to provide the appropriate strategies for water resources managers in drought conditions under future increasing temperature

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Comparison of Effectiveness of Betamethasone gel Applied to the Tracheal Tube and IV Dexamethasone on Postoperative sore Throat: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Postoperative sore throat is a common complaint in patients with endotracheal intubation and has potentially dangerous complications. This randomized controlled trial study investigated the incidence of postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia when betamethasone gel is applied to a tracheal tube compared with when IV dexamethasone is prescribed.   Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty five American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA)-class I and II patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation were randomly divided into three groups: betamethasone gel, intravenous (IV) dexamethasone, and control groups. In the post-anesthesia care unit, a blinded anesthesiologist interviewed all patients regarding postoperative sore throat at 1,6, and 24 hours after surgery.   Results: The incidence of sore throat was significantly lower in the betamethasone gel group compared with the IV dexamethasone and control groups, 1, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. In the first day after surgery 10.7% of the betamethasone group had sore throat whereas 26.7% of the IV dexamethasone group and 30.7% of the control group had sore throat. Bucking before extubation was observed in 14(18.4%), 8(10.4%), and 9(12.2%) patients, in the IV dexamethasone, betamethasone gel, and control group, respectively.   Conclusion:  We concluded that wide spread application of betamethasone gel over tracheal tubes effectively mitigates postoperative sore throat, compared with IV dexamethasone application