Planning and Development of Tourism in the Protected Areas in Bulgaria

The survey examines the types of protected areas in Bulgaria, their conservation status and possibilities for optimum planning and sustainable development of tourism. The importance of the tourism management in each kind of protected areas and its instruments to achieve it are presented in the study. It analyses the different legal regulations of the management plans, their structure, advantages and the mechanisms for improvement of the regulations. The main point is the essence of management plans of protected areas, their importance and role for tourism development. An analysis and comparison is made among existing management plans for selected protected areas – nature and national parks. The difficulties and the problems are indicated and some resolutions are suggested. The mechanisms to improve the functioning of their aims in tourism development are indicated and proposals for elaboration are submitted. Some of the main points are the branding and the certification as instruments for increasing the quality of tourism products. The particular decisions for a better regulation and solutions for reduction of the challenges are specified in the survey

Sector Policy for Health and Medical Spa Tourism in Republic of Bulgaria

The present study examines the specifics of the Health and Medical Spa tourism and the opportunities for its priority development according to the European and global trends, strategic development and the mechanisms of the regional sector policy. It is analyzed the tourist supply, the tourists profile as well as the characteristics of the specialized health and medical Spa programmes. It is accomplished critical analysis of the basic world and European priorities and perspectives, based on macro economical factors and premises. The organizational and managerial stresses of the sector policy for priority development of the Health and Medical Spa tourism in Bulgaria in the frames of “the Strategy – Bulgaria 2010”, based on researches of world organizations, statistical data and analyses of information, gathered by authors of specialized researches at international forums and meetings, and the underlying conclusions and recommendations are summarized

A Comparison of Selected GBN ARQ Schemes for Variable-Error-Rate Channel Using QAM

In non-stationary channels, error rates vary considerably. The paper compares Yao's Adaptive Go-back-N (GBN) Automatic-Repeat-Request (ARQ) scheme with Adaptive go-back-N with sliding window mechanism which both estimate the channel state in a simple manner, and adaptively switch their operation mode. The throughput of these schemes is compared in conditions of Additive White Gauss Noise (AWGN) channel with independent errors using 16-QAM modulation

A calorimetric study of pH-dependent thermal unfolding of leghemoglobin a from soybean

AbstractThe purpose of the present work is to study the pH-dependent thermal denaturation of soybean leghemoglobin fraction a in a cyanide complex (Lba.CN) and to compare the results with those of myoglobin (Mb), apomyoglobin (apoMb) and cyanometmyoglobin (Mb.CN) as well. Comparing measured calorimetrically change of enthalpy (ΔHcal) and calculated Van't Hoff change of enthalpy (ΔHvh) we have found that heat denaturation of Lba.CN can be described by the two-state transition model. The average value of the change of heat capacity (ΔCpd) of Lba.CN is between such values for apoMb and Mb.CN suggesting for some stabilisation role of the cyanide ion (CN−) on the protein molecule. The maximum change of Gibbs free energy (ΔGmax) of Lba.CN is between 7.0 and 11.2 kcal/mol depending on pH. The heat-denaturation of the protein occurs on heating the protein solution above 25°C while the cold-denaturation occurs on cooling the protein below 25°C

Opportunities and Problems in the Organization of Various Alternative Journeys

The process of gradual and sustained promotion of alternative forms of tourism on the Bulgarian market and social sphere is accompanied by an indication of dynamically changing problem conditions and factors in connection with parallel opportunities and prerequisites for successful development. The analysis of trends in the market breakthrough of unique combinations of alternative tourist offers of many small and medium-sized companies in different Bulgarian towns and regions in recent years requires an extension of the debate on the desirability of coordinated actions by all interested parties. This is an attempt to share and to interpret expertly some of these problems and perspective conditions

Melting of Single Lipid Components in Binary Lipid Mixtures: A Comparison between FTIR Spectroscopy, DSC and Monte Carlo Simulations

Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study the melting behavior of single lipid components in two-component membranes of 1,2-Dimyristoyl-D54-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC-d54) and 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DSPC). Microscopic information on the temperature dependent melting of the single lipid species could be investigated using FTIR. The microscopic behavior measured could be well described by the results from the MC simulations. These simulations also allowed to calculate heat capacity profiles as determined with DSC. These ones provide macroscopic information about melting enthalpies and entropy changes which are not accessible with FTIR. Therefore, the MC simulations allowed us to link the two different experimental approaches of FTIR and DSC.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, corrected typo in table 1 in which previously it said Tm,1 instead of Tm,

Arabidopsis inositol phosphate kinases, IPK1 and ITPK1, constitute a metabolic pathway in maintaining phosphate homeostasis

Emerging studies have implicated a close link between inositol phosphate (InsP) metabolism and cellular phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in eukaryotes; however, whether a common InsP species is deployed as an evolutionarily conserved metabolic messenger to mediate Pi signaling remains unknown. Here, using genetics and InsP profiling combined with Pi starvation response (PSR) analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we showed that the kinase activity of inositol pentakisphosphate 2‐kinase (IPK1), an enzyme required for phytate (inositol hexakisphosphates; InsP6) synthesis, is indispensable for maintaining Pi homeostasis under Pi‐replete conditions, and inositol 1,3,4‐trisphosphate 5/6‐kinase 1 (ITPK1) plays an equivalent role. Although both ipk1‐1 and itpk1 mutants exhibited decreased levels of InsP6 and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP‐InsP5; InsP7), disruption of another ITPK family enzyme, ITPK4, which correspondingly caused depletion of InsP6 and InsP7, did not display similar Pi‐related phenotypes, which precludes these InsP species as effectors. Notably, the level of D/L‐Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 was concurrently elevated in both ipk1‐1 and itpk1 mutants, which showed a specific correlation to the misregulated Pi phenotypes. However, the level of D/L‐Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is not responsive to Pi starvation that instead manifests a shoot‐specific increase in InsP7 level. This study demonstrates a more nuanced picture of the intersection of InsP metabolism and Pi homeostasis and PSR than has previously been elaborated and additionally establishes intermediate steps to phytate biosynthesis in plant vegetative tissues

Accounting and taxes in tourism and their application on the selected travel agency

The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to define specifics of taxes and accounting in tourism. There is a definition and meaning of tourism, brief history, legal adjustments and issues of taxes and accounting in this area. In the end there is introduced travel agency Adventura, s.r.o., its brief financial analyse and the examples of accounting in travel agency

Component and state separation in DMPC/DSPC lipid bilayers: a Monte Carlo simulation study.

In this paper a two-state, two-component, Ising-type model is used to simulate the lateral distribution of the components and gel/fluid state acyl chains in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC/DSPC) lipid bilayers. The same model has been successful in calculating the excess heat capacity curves, the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) threshold temperatures, the most frequent center-to-center distances between DSPC clusters, and the fractal dimensions of gel clusters (Sugar, I. P., T. E. Thompson, and R. L. Biltonen, 1999. Biophys. J. 76:2099-2110). Depending on the temperature and mole fraction the population of the cluster size is either homogeneous or inhomogeneous. In the inhomogeneous population the size of the largest cluster scales with the size of the system, while the rest of the clusters remain small with increasing system size. In a homogeneous population, however, every cluster remains small with increasing system size. For both compositional and fluid/gel state clusters, threshold temperatures-the so-called percolation threshold temperatures-are determined where change in the type of the population takes place. At a given mole fraction, the number of percolation threshold temperatures can be 0, 1, 2, or 3. By plotting these percolation threshold temperatures on the temperature/mole fraction plane, the diagrams of component and state separation of DMPC/DSPC bilayers are constructed. In agreement with the small-angle neutron scattering measurements, the component separation diagram shows nonrandom lateral distribution of the components not only in the gel-fluid mixed phase region, but also in the pure gel and pure fluid regions. A combined diagram of component and state separation is constructed to characterize the lateral distribution of lipid components and gel/fluid state acyl chains in DMPC/DSPC mixtures. While theoretical phase diagrams of two component mixtures can be constructed only in the case of first-order transitions, state and component separation diagrams can be constructed whether or not the system is involved in first-order transition. The effects of interchain interactions on the component and state separation diagrams are demonstrated on three different models. The influences of state and component separation on the in-plane and off-plane membrane reactions are discussed

Contemporary Challenges to the Sustainable Development of Tourism in the National Resorts of Bulgaria

The survey includes a study of the potential for sustainable tourist development of national resorts in Bulgaria and the opportunities for destination management. The main accents are focused on their stages of development, mistakes made in the planning and regulations and setting guidelines for their sustainable development, in accordance with current trends. Consideration has been given to the analysis and evaluation of tourism potential which are represented as subsystems of the territorial recreation and tourism system. A study of the interconnections between them, the definition of strategic priorities and the proposals for a sustainable tourism development at a local level was carried out. It has been proven that successful sustainable tourism development in the national resorts is related to conducting systematic marketing studies, effective tourism planning and monitoring