Секреты создания успешных брендов в России и за рубежом

Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме создания успешных брендов на российском рынке и за рубежом. В настоящее время развитие у отечественного брендинга продолжается, и многие компании берут за основу иностранный путь создания бренда, поскольку их рынок очень хорошо развит в этом направлении. Значительное внимание уделяется изучению основных положений создания успешного бренда

Mobile Air Quality Studies (MAQS) - an international project

Due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. In this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic-related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. By contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. The Mobile Air Quality Study (MAQS) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high-granularity spatial-temporal analysis with vehicle-mounted, person-mounted and roadside sensors. The MAQS-platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat (children) positions, and 5) to evaluate "traffic zone"- exposure in relation to non-"traffic zone"-exposure. Primarily, the MAQS-platform will focus on particulate matter. With the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including NO2, SO2, nanoparticles, and ozone

Population persistence in landscapes fragmented by roads: disentangling isolation, mortality and the effect of dispersal

Linear infrastructures, one of several forms of land-use, are a major driver of biodiversity loss. Roads impact populations at many levels, with direct road mortality and barrier effect contributing to decreased population abundance, higher isolation and subdivision, and therefore to increased extinction risk. In this paper, we compared the effect of road mortality and of the barrier effect on population isolation, persistence and size, and assessed the interaction of these effects with dispersal. We used a spatially explicit, process-based model of population dynamics in landscapes fragmented by varying levels of road density. We modelled a barrier effect independently from road mortality by varying the probability with which individuals avoid crossing roads. Both road mortality and the barrier effect caused population isolation. While road mortality alone had stronger negative effects than the barrier effect without extra mortality, the latter also resulted in decreased population size. Yet, road avoidance could, in some cases, rescue populations from extinction. Populations with a large dispersal distance were more negatively affected as road mortality increased. However, when there was no road mortality they maintained larger sizes than populations with a short dispersal distance. Our results highlight the much higher relative importance of road mortality than the barrier effect for population size and persistence, and the importance of assessing relevant species traits for effective long-term transportation planning and conservation management. Our model can be used in species-specific situations and with real landscape configurations in applications such as conservation planninginfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Uses and management of saltmarshes: A global survey

Saltmarshes are important coastal fringe ecosystems supporting a myriad of coastal uses and users. However, saltmarshes have undergone a significant period of global decline, losing 25%–50% of their coverage due to a range of drivers, but mainly as a result of anthropogenic pressures and land-use change. While the value of these coastal systems to society is recognised, global data are fragmented, patchy, and often restricted to local case studies. There is currently no comprehensive understanding of the global variation of ecosystem services, benefits and management practices available. This pioneering study addresses this by investigating the socio-ecological dimension of global variation in ecosystem service provision, and how this is being managed by and for different saltmarsh users. Through a global online questionnaire survey (n = 438) targeting professional saltmarsh researchers and practitioners representing 40 countries across 5 continents, this paper presents an overview of saltmarsh ecosystem services, key drivers influencing management and the variation in factors that influence them. Analysis indicates considerable variation, with geographical location (‘continent’) being the most common moderator, influencing perceptions of saltmarshes, the prioritisation of ecosystem services and management perceptions. Finally, the paper presents a series of recommendations, including the development of an interdisciplinary, international research programme to support restoration and conservation of saltmarshes worldwide

Experimental and numerical investigation of visibility in compartment fires17th

This study presents the experimental and numerical investigation of visibility in a real scale compartment fire using an innovative experimental approach to measure spatio-temporal resolved extinction coefficients and the corresponding simulations with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The temporal evolution of local measurements as well as profiles of the temperature and the extinction coefficient over the height of the compartment at certain points in time were considered. The measurements of the extinction coefficient profiles were locally verified by means of the well established MIREX-measurement technique. The results were in a good agreement. Thus, they can be considered as reliable. As part of the simulations a grid sensitivity analysis regarding the evolution of the temperature and the extinction coefficient was carried out

Investigation of smoke characteristics by photometric measurements

Visibility in case of fire can be predicted from CFD simulations as a major tenability criterion within the scope of performance-based safety concepts. Indications that light extinction might be significantly overestimated by numerical fire models [McGrattan, 2022] have been confirmed by experimental investigations and simulations [Arnold, 2021] with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). For this purpose, a novel photometric approach was applied in the context of EN 54 [EN54, 2002] test fires among established measurement methods for the determination of spatial and temporal resolved light extinction coefficients. Common DSLR cameras capture the relative change in the intensity of individual light sources (LEDs) due to fire smoke. Based on geometrical optics as well as the Beer-Lambert’s law, an inverse model deduces local values of the extinction coefficient, assuming a homogeneous smoke layering. Both, the quality, and the scope of the experimental setup have been incrementally optimized and extended. Potential sources of error were examined, such as temperature-related effects on the LEDs’ intensity. Besides the spatial resolution of the smoke density, the focus of recent investigations is on the in-depth smoke characteristics. For this reason, light obscuration was assessed at multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, aging of aerosols was analyzed by measuring the change in particle size distribution at different heights of the smoke layering. This paper introduces an innovative approach for the acquisition of reliable data to validate the prediction of smoke propagation by numerical fire models. The extensive dataset of the latest investigation covers n-heptane pool fires as well as wood smoldering fires according to EN 54

Extinction coefficients from aerosol measurements

In this contribution, we develop a model based on classical electrodynamics that describes light extinction in the presence of arbitrary aerosols. We do this by combining aerosol and light-intensity measurements performed with the well-proven measuring systems ELPI+ and MIREX, respectively. The developed model is particularly simple and depends on only a few input parameters, namely on densities and refractive indices of the constituting aerosol particles. As proof of principle, the model is in first applications used to determine extinction coefficients as well as mass-specific extinction for an infrared light source with a peak wave length of ${\lambda} = 0.88\ {\mu}m$. In doing so, detailed studies concentrate on two aerosols exemplary for characteristic values of the input parameters: a non-absorbing paraffin aerosol in a bench-scale setup and soot from a flaming n-heptane fire in a room-scale setup (test fire TF5 according to standard EN54). As main results, we find numerical values for mass-specific extinction that are first of all different in the two considered cases. Moreover, obtained results differ in part more than a factor of three from literature values typically used in practical applications. Based on the developed model, we explicitly address and assess underlying reasons for the deviations found. Finally, we propose a simple way how future light-extinction studies can be performed comparatively easily by means of the ELPI+-system or measuring devices that work in a similar way

Experimental and numerical investigation of visibility in compartment fires

This study presents the experimental and numerical investigation of visibility in a real scale compartment fire using an innovative experimental approach to measure spatio-temporal resolved extinction coefficients and the corresponding simulations with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The temporal evolution of local measurements as well as profiles of the temperature and the extinction coefficient over the height of the compartment at certain points in time were considered. The measurements of the extinction coefficient profiles were locally verified by means of the well established MIREX-measurement technique. The results were in a good agreement. Thus, they can be considered as reliable. As part of the simulations a grid sensitivity analysis regarding the evolution of the temperature and the extinction coefficient was carried out