Practice with confidence: Analyzing confidence level of final year dental students from four Saudi dental colleges in Riyadh

Objective To investigate the confidence level of final year dental students in Riyadh. Materials Cross-sectional study was conducted at four dental colleges in Riyadh (N = 312, 220 and 70,5% responded). Oneway ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer was used. Results The greatest self-reported confidence scores were for pit fissure sealent (4.6(0.7)). Whereas, students reported least confidence in conducting surgical extractions (2.7 (1.2)). Females were found more confident in conducting preventive resin restorations, oral hygiene instructions, and rubber dam placement as compared to male who were more confident in surgical extraction, copy dentures, veneer preparation and managing orthodontic emergencies. Conclusion All students were confident in performing essential dental procedures however higher confidence was observed in performing simple procedures compared to more complex ones

Table 2: Example applications of the use of remote sensing technologies to detect change in vegetation.

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence of Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and detailed information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The spatial analytical techniques such as Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistics Tools, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density of O. lybicus in response to climatic, environmental, and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and relevant analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density of O. lybicus. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are very limited studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like the O. lybicus with climatic, environmental, and human practice related variables. This review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance methods in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management strategies of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops

Hardening of Light-polymerized Resin Cements through Lithium Disilicate Glass-ceramic Veneers

Aim: To evaluate effect of ceramic veneer type and thickness on light attenuation and microhardness of light-polymerized resin cements. Methodology: Three types of ceramic blocks were used (IPS E.max-CAD, Celtra-Duo and VITABLOCS Esthetic-Line). Specimens measuring .5, 1 and 1.5 mm were cut. Deep-cure and Blue-phase light-polymerizations units were used. Light irradiance through specimens was measured with MARC-Patient Simulator. Rely-X Veneer and Variolink-Esthetic resin cements were polymerized through ceramic specimens for 10 and 20 seconds. Microhardness of cement specimens was measured using tester with Knoop indenter. Result: Ceramic type and thickness had statistically-significant effects on light attenuation. Mean microhardness of Rely-X Veneer cement was significantly higher than that of Variolink Esthetic. Moreover, direct correlation was found between polymerization time and mean microhardness for both cements. Conclusions: Increased veneer thickness negatively affected light irradiance in a significant manner. Light attenuation resulted in significant decrease in mean surface microhardness for both cements.M.Sc

Population dynamics of rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on wheat and myzus persicae (sulzer) on spinach under irrigation from two different water sources

Seasonal abundance of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on spinach leaves and Rhopalosiphumpadi (L.) on wheat stems were estimated in 1988 and 1989. Two types of water were used in irrigation (fresh water and treated municipal waste water). The aphid densitiesofthe first season on both crops were significantly higher than in the second season. M. persicaeand R. padi were first detected in late December and reached a peak early February. Type of water had shown no significant effect on population densities of both aphid species.Correspong Author: Dr. Yousif N. Aldryhim, Professor of Entomology College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia. Email: [email protected]

First record of oviparous females of lipaphis erysimi in Saudi Arabia and description its morphs

Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaThe apterous oviparous female of Lipaphis erysimi was detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia from Brassica rapa on 2l.l.l990. A detailed description of the apterous and alate viviparous females and oviparae of L. erysimi is given. Hind tibiae of oviparous female are swollen each with 110-120 scent plaques

Effect of Irrigation on Within-Grove Distribution of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorous ferrugineus

The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorous ferrugineus (Oliv.) is the most important pest attacking date palm trees. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drip and flood irrigation on the within-grove distribution of RPW. The current study was started with the first appearance of the infestation to almost disappearance of the infestation. Results showed that more infested trees were detected in plots with flood irrigation. The number of infested trees in these plots represented 89% of the total infested trees. This study suggested that irrigation management and soil moisture are key factors in the dispersion of the RPW infestation and could be used as one of the integrated pest management tools.

Effect of Irrigation on Within-Grove Distribution of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorous ferrugineus

The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorous ferrugineus (Oliv.) is the most important pest attacking date palm trees. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drip and flood irrigation on the within-grove distribution of RPW. The current study was started with the first appearance of the infestation to almost disappearance of the infestation. Results showed that more infested trees were detected in plots with flood irrigation. The number of infested trees in these plots represented 89% of the total infested trees. This study suggested that irrigation management and soil moisture are key factors in the dispersion of the RPW infestation and could be used as one of the integrated pest management tools

New in Aphids from Saudi Arabia

Aphid survey has been conducted since 1988 to April, 1997. Aphids were collected from colonies and were mounted on microscopic slides for identification. The purpose of this report is to mainpulate the new in aphids recorded for the first time in the world. Arabian Peninsula and Saudi Arabia. Two new species were found in Asir region. Sitobion asirun was collected from upper leaf surface of Phragmanthera regularis and Pseudaphis arabica from Pennisetum setaceum. Aloe vera was recorded as a new host for A. gossypii and A. craccivora. Prosopis sp. was recorded as a new host for Brachyungius harmalae . P. regularis was recorded as a new host for A. gossypii. Five aphid species were recorded for the first time in the Arabian Peninsula. These aphids are: Aphis armoraciae, A. hellerislambersi, Dysaphis emicis, Hyalopterus amygdali, Paraschizaphis rozazevedoi. Fourteen aphid species were recorded for the first time in Saudi Arabia: A. solanella, A. affinis, Hyalopterus pruni, Schizaphis rotundiventris, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus rumexicolens, Dysaphis apiifolia, D. foeniculus, Metopolophium festucae cerealium, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Sitobion fragariae, Cinara maghrebica, Peterochloroides persicae. Oviviparous females of Lipaphis erysimi were recorded for the first time in Saudi Arabia

Efficacy of Gamma Irradiation Against Sitophilus granarius L. ( Coleoptera : Curculionidae )

The lethal and sterilizing responses to gamma irradiation of eggs, larvae, pupa, and three-day and four-week old adults of Sitophilus granarius were investigated. Doses were 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 300 and 500 Gy. Eggs and larvae were unable to develop to adults following doses of 30-500 Gy. Emergence of adults from irradiated eggs and larvae occurred at a dose of 10 Gy. Pupae developed to the adult stage following doses of 10-70 Gy. A dose of 70 Gy at the pupal and four-week old adult stages caused sterility. Three-day old adults were most tolerant of irradiation and required 100 Gy for sterility. The percentage of damage to wheat grains caused by preadult stages following various irradiation doses was determined