Proposal of a Donor Behavior Model Applied to Spanish Organizations for Development

NGOs need a thorough knowledge of the donordecision process in order to be successful in their strategies forraising awareness and fundraising. In this paper, we focus onparticular types of nonprofit organizations: those whose aimsare to contribute to the advancement of developing countriesand, specifically, those trying to raise awareness of theirsituation and obtain funds in Spain. The model we propose isthe result of the study of bibliography, the authors’experiences in the last 25 years in over 15 NGOs with differentlevels of responsibility, and a study conducted by Salvetti &Llombart for the Spanish Association of Fundraising,consisting of 1.437 on-line interviews with donors, high andlow potential donors, as well as non-donors. The interviewstook place in December 2010 to February 2011

El esfuerzo en responsabilidad social y su comunicación en Internet: el caso de las empresas del foro de marcas renombradas españolas

This paper starts studying the corporate social responsibility's concept and its relationship with the image of the company. The authors have studied corporate web of the 80 companies that, in March, 2008, belonged to the “Foro de Marcas Renombradas Españolas” (that we could translate as the Forum of Spanish Brands with Good Reputation). Prominent aspects of the study are that in the corporate webs of 64 companies, there are indications of carrying out social responsibility actions and that, from the three groups of analyzed actions: rights and working conditions, environment and social activities in general, the ones more frequently turn out to be reflected are the related ones to the Environment. The different indexes analyzed show that these companies are very over other Spanish companies not in the forum.En este trabajo, tras un estudio de la responsabilidad social de la empresa y su relación con la imagen de la misma, se muestran los resultados agregados de un análisis de las páginas web de las 80 empresas que, en marzo de 2008, pertenecían al Foro de Marcas Renombradas españolas. Aspectos destacables del estudio son que en la web de la mayoría de las empresas existen indicios de llevar a cabo acciones de responsabilidad social, y que, de los tres grupos de acciones analizadas: derechos y condiciones laborales, medio ambiente y vinculación con la sociedad, los que más frecuentemente aparecen reflejados son los relacionados con el Medio Ambiente. Asimismo, en los índices analizados, estas empresas están muy por encima del resto de las empresas españolas

Retrospective study to identify risk factors for chronic kidney disease in children with congenital solitary functioning kidney detected by neonatal renal ultrasound screening

To evaluate the prognostic significance of factors frequently associated with a reduction in renal mass, such as prematurity, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), in patients with solitary functioning kidney (SFK) and investigate signs of early renal injury due to glomerular hyperfiltration damage or dysplasia in the remaining kidney. Retrospective observational study of congenital SFK diagnosed and followed at a tertiary care hospital over a period of 10 years in which 32,900 newborns underwent routine neonatal abdominal ultrasound screening. We analyzed age at diagnosis, sex, gestational age, anthropometric measurements at birth and prenatal and neonatal ultrasound findings, in addition to follow-up data corresponding to imaging findings (ultrasound, micturating cystourethrography, dimercaptosuccinic acid renal, and scintigraphy), ipsilateral CAKUT, compensatory hypertrophy, and renal injury in the form of albuminuria, blood pressure, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In total, 128 congenital SFK cases were detected (1 per 257 live births). Of these, 117 (91.4%) were diagnosed by neonatal ultrasound screening and 44.5% of these had been previously identified by prenatal ultrasound. Neonatal ultrasound had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 92.1%. Forty-five patients (35.2%) had ipsilateral CAKUT and the most common type was urinary collecting system anomalies (75.5%). Over a median follow-up of 6.3 years (1?10 years), compensatory renal hypertrophy was observed in 81 patients (63.7%), most of whom had ipsilateral CAKUT (76.1% vs 56.6% of patients without ipsilateral CAKUT). Albuminuria and hypertension were observed in 3.12% and 5% of patients, respectively, and both were associated with ipsilateral CAKUT (P<.05). In addition, 75% of albuminuria cases (P=.031), 83.3% of hypertension cases (P=.004), and 100% of decreased eGFRcases (P=.031) were significantly associated with CAKUT (renal parenchymal anomaly category), being the strongest predictor of GFR the presence or absence of CAKUT. Neonatal ultrasound screening is useful for the early diagnosis of SFK. The presence of ipsilateral CAKUT should be evaluated in all patients with SFK as congenital anomalies of the renal parenchyma are associated with a poorer prognosis. Because morbidity from CAKUTs may not develop until adulthood, patients should be closely followed throughout life

Effects of different arachidonic acid supplementation on psychomotor development in very preterm infants; A randomized controlled trial

Background & aims: Nutritional supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids is important in preterm infants neurodevelopment, but it is not known if the omega-6/omega-3 ratio affects this process. This study was designed to determine the effects of a balanced contribution of arachidonic acid in very preterm newborns fed with formula milk. Methods: This was a randomized trial, in which newborns <1500 g and/or <32 weeks gestational age were assigned to one of two groups, based on the milk formula they would receive during the first year of life. Initially, 60 newborns entered the study, but ultimately, group A was composed of 24 newborns, who were given formula milk with an ω-6/ ω-3 ratio of 2/1, and Group B was composed of 21 newborns, given formula milk with an ω-6/ω-3 ratio of 1/1. The infants were followed up for two years: growth, visual-evoked potentials, brainstem auditory-evoked potentials, and plasma fatty acids were periodically measured, and psychomotor development was assessed using the Brunet Lézine scale at 24 months corrected age. A control group, for comparison of Brunet Lézine score, was made up of 25 newborns from the SEN1500 project, who were fed exclusively with breast milk. Results: At 12 months, arachidonic acid values were significantly higher in group A than in group B (6.95 ± 1.55 % vs. 4.55 ± 0.78 %), as were polyunsaturated fatty acids (41.02 ± 2.09 % vs. 38.08 ± 2.32 %) achieved a higher average. Group A achieved a higher average Brunet Lézine score at 24 months than group B (99.9 ± 9 vs. 90.8 ± 11, p =0.028). The Brunet Lézine results from group A were compared with the control group results, with very similar scores registered between the two groups (99.9 ± 9 vs. 100.5 ± 7). There were no significant differences in growth or evoked potentials between the two formula groups. Conclusions: Very preterm infants who received formula with an ω-6/ω-3 ratio of 2/1 had higher blood levels of essential fatty acids during the first year of life, and better psychomotor development, compared with very preterm newborns who consumed formula with an ω-6/ω-3 of 1/1. Therefore, formula milk with an arachidonic acid quantity double that of docosahexaenoic acid should be considered for feeding very preterm infants

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado para valorar una intervención por una unidad de hospitalización domiciliaria en la reducción de reingresos y muerte en pacientes dados de alta del hospital tras un ingreso por insuficiencia cardiaca

[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Evaluar la eficacia de una intervención de educación en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) realizada por hospitalización a domicilio. Métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado. Se incluyó a 279 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de IC dados de alta de un hospital terciario entre febrero de 2001 y junio de 2002. Se excluyó a los pacientes con demencias, enfermedad terminal no cardiológica o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. La información recogida incluyó las causas de la descompensación. La intervención fue fundamentalmente de tipo educativo, en el domicilio del participante, y se extendió hasta 15 días después del alta. Se realizaron ajustes de tratamiento durante la primera semana cuando fue necesario. El objetivo principal fue determinar la incidencia acumulada de reingreso o muerte. Los objetivos secundarios fueron la incidencia de reingreso y la mortalidad, así como la utilización de los servicios de urgencia. Se llevó a cabo un seguimiento telefónico a los 3, 6 y 12 meses, y una revisión de las historias clínicas si era necesario. Asimismo, se valoró la utilización de servicios de urgencias los primeros 6 meses. Resultados. Al año, 62 pacientes de 137 (45,3%) ingresaron o murieron en el grupo de intervención, en comparación con 75 de 142 (52,8%) en el grupo control (p = 0,232; riesgo relativo [RR] = 0,86). En los pacientes que se descompensaron por incumplimiento terapéutico, 16 de 45 (35,6%) ingresaron o murieron en el grupo de intervención, en comparación con 34 de 56 (60,7%) en el grupo control (p = 0,016; RR = 0,59). Conclusiones. Esta intervención es factible pero, administrada de manera indiscriminada a todo paciente dado de alta por IC, en el mejor de los casos sólo podemos esperar un beneficio modesto, que en este estudio en particular no llegó a alcanzar significación estadística

The social responsibility as a tool to promote gender equality in companies: the gendered social responsibility

La igualdad de género es un objetivo social que las empresas pueden integrar de forma voluntaria en sus operaciones comerciales y en sus relaciones con sus interlocutores en el marco de sus iniciativas de Responsabilidad Social (RS). El presente artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un modelo para el desarrollo de actividades de RS que incorporen el objetivo de igualdad de género, es decir, para el despliegue de una Responsabilidad Social de Género (RSG). Así, se ofrecen pautas para que las actividades de RS incluyan la perspectiva de género, tanto si son internas a la empresa (gestión de recursos humanos, salud y seguridad en el trabajo, adaptación al cambio y gestión del impacto ambiental y recursos naturales), como externas (comunidades locales, socios comerciales, proveedores y consumidores, derechos humanos y problemas ecológicos mundiales). Asimismo, se incluye el Gobierno Corporativo como elemento adicional, por considerarlo esencial para el despliegue de la RSG

Programas de cribado neonatal en España: Actualización y propuestas de futuro. Documento del consenso

Este documento tiene como objetivo principal aportar el conocimiento y la experiencia de los profesionales implicados en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedades metabólicas hereditarias a la prevención de estos defectos. Cuenta con el apoyo incondicional de la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Padres de niños afectados por fenilcetonuria (PKU) y otros trastornos del metabolismo (OTM)

Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb/V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice – preliminary data Vie-KinD study

Poster presentatio

Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb-V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice - Vie-KinD study

Limited data are available on the effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapies in the real world for HCV-infected patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV (3D/2D regimen) with or without ribavirin (RBV) in HCV or HCV/HIV co-infected patients with GT1/GT4 and CKD (IIIb-V stages), including those under hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in routine clinical practice in Spain in 2015.Non-interventional, retrospective, multicenter data collection study in 31 Spanish sites. Socio-demographic, clinical variables, study treatment characteristics, effectiveness and tolerability data were collected from medical records.Data from 135 patients with a mean age (SD) of 58.3 (11.4) years were analyzed: 92.6% GT1 (81.6% GT1b and 17.6% GT1a) and 7.4% GT4, 14 (10.4%) HIV/HCV co-infected, 19.0% with fibrosis F3 and 28.1% F4 by FibroScan®, 52.6% were previously treated with pegIFN and RBV. 11.1%, 14.8% and 74.1% of patients had CKD stage IIIb, IV and V respectively. 68.9% of patients were on hemodialysis; 8.9% on peritoneal dialysis and 38.5% had history of renal transplant. A total of 125 (96.2%) of 135 patients were treated with 3D, 10 (7.4%) with 2D and 30.4% received RBV. The overall intention-to-treat (ITT) sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) was 92.6% (125/135) and the overall modified-ITT (mITT) SVR12 was 99.2% (125/126). The SVR12 rates (ITT) per sub-groups were: HCV mono-infected (91.7%), HCV/HIV co-infected (100%), GT1 (92.0%), GT4 (100%), CKD stage IIIb (86.7%), stage IV (95%) and stage V (93%). Among the 10 non-SVR there was only 1 virologic failure (0.7%); 4 patients had missing data due lost to follow up (3.0%) and 5 patients discontinued 3D/2D regimen (3.7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision.These results have shown that 3D/2D regimens are effective and tolerable in patients with advanced CKD including those in dialysis with GT 1 or 4 chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV coinfection in a real-life cohort. The overall SVR12 rates were 92.6% (ITT) and 99.2% (mITT) without clinically relevant changes in eGFR until 12 weeks post-treatment. These results are consistent with those reported in clinical trials

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics