Casas-Abrigo para Mulheres e Crianças Sobreviventes de Violência Doméstica: Uma Experiência, 2010

Relatório de Estágio de Mestrado em Estudos sobre as Mulheres. As Mulheres na Sociedade e na CulturaA temática deste trabalho centraliza-se num dos primeiros serviços especializados na área da violência doméstica, implementado pelo movimento das mulheres nos anos 70– Os Refúgios/Casas- Abrigo. Os refúgios são como um recurso “salva-vidas” para as mulheres que são alvo de ameaças e maus-tratos físicos graves e contínuos, por parte dos seus companheiros, ao ponto de correrem risco de vida. Para muitas mulheres os refúgios são o único recurso que lhes permite escapar às situações de violência física, emocional e sexual, sem os quais não teriam alternativa senão a de permanecerem nas relações de violência. Diversas organizações de mulheres têm vindo a lutar pela defesa dos direitos das mulheres, influenciando as políticas locais e mundiais para a implementação e regulamentação de leis que protejam as mulheres e crianças envolvidas em situações de violência doméstica. O presente relatório pretende caracterizar o modelo de organização e funcionamento de duas Casas-Abrigo especializadas na área da violência doméstica, dirigidas por uma Organização Não Governamental de Mulheres, guiada pelo movimento feminista que considera a violência como um resultado da posição de inferioridade/desigualdade (powerlessness) que as mulheres ocupam na sociedade ao nível político, económico e nas suas relações com os homens (Hoff, 1990)

Avaliação da importância, potencial e constrangimentos da designação do Banco Gorringe como sítio de interesse comunitário

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Ecologia Marinha), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2013As Áreas Marinhas Protegidas (AMP’s), enquanto instrumentos de conservação da natureza, contribuem para a conservação, preservação e gestão dos ecossistemas marinhos, sendo particularmente relevantes para a protecção de espécies e habitats sensíveis. Através da aplicação de duas directivas comunitárias, a Directiva Habitats e a Directiva Aves, a Rede Natura 2000 constitui um instrumento fundamental da política da União Europeia (UE) em matéria de conservação da natureza e da biodiversidade. Só cerca de 0,1% da superfície marinha portuguesa é parte integrante da Rede Natura 2000, situando Portugal como o país da UE com a menor percentagem de superfície designada nesta rede. No entanto a Europa tem em curso um plano de extensão da Rede Natura 2000 ao meio marinho e Portugal, enquanto país possuidor da 3ª maior zona económica exclusiva (ZEE) da Europa, deve estar na linha da frente em relação às medidas de protecção a adoptar. Diversos organismos internacionais assim como a comunidade científica em geral, consideram as montanhas submarinas lugares prioritários de conservação pela grande biodiversidade que nelas ocorre. Portugal é o país europeu que possui, no seu território submerso, maior quantidade de montanhas submarinas, pelo que é da sua responsabilidade a protecção destes ecossistemas. O Banco Gorringe é um grande monte submarino que surge desde os 5000m de profundidade até aos picos de 28m de profundidade (pico Gettysburg) e 33-46m de profundidade (pico Ormonde) atingindo a zona fótica. Trata-se de um local com elevada produtividade primária para um contexto oceânico e com um ecossistema único, onde está registada a presença de 862 espécies. Nele ocorre a presença dos habitats da Rede Natura 2000: 1170 “Recifes” e 1110 “Bancos de areia permanentemente cobertos por água do mar pouco profunda”, as espécies Chelonia mydas (Tartaruga-verde), Caretta caretta (Tartaruga-boba), Scyllarides latus (Cavaco), Lithothamnion corallioides (Mäerl) e Centrostephanus longispinus (ouriço-deespinhos- longos), bem como a presença dos habitats considerados em perigo pela Convenção para a Protecção do Meio Marinho do Atlântico Nordeste (OSPAR): Montes submarinos, Jardins de Coral, Agregações de esponjas no mar profundo, Recifes de Lophelia pertusa e as espécies Caretta caretta (Tartaruga-boba) e Hoplostethus atlanticus (Peixe-relógio). Nesta dissertação foi compilada e estudada a informação existente sobre o Banco Gorringe e propõe-se a criação de uma AMP com um polígono que acompanhe a batimetria dos 1000m de profundidade. Pretende-se desta forma contribuir de forma construtiva para a extensão da Rede Natura 2000 ao meio marinho através da execução do estudo prévio necessário para a criação do dossier de proposta de um sítio de importância comunitária (SIC) da Rede Natura 2000 no Banco Gorringe. Foi avaliada a importância, potencial e constrangimentos da designação do Banco Gorringe como Sítio de Interesse Comunitário.As instruments of nature conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPA's), provide conservation, preservation and management of marine ecosystems, being particularly relevant to the protection of sensitive species and habitats. Through the application of two European directives, the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, Natura 2000 Network is a key instrument of European Union (UE) policy in the field of nature conservation and biodiversity. Only about 0.1 % of the Portuguese marine surface is part of the Natura 2000 network, placing Portugal as the European country with the lowest percentage of area designated on this network. However Europe has an ongoing expansion plan of the Natura 2000 Network in the marine environment and Portugal as a country that has the 3rd largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Europe, must be at the forefront regarding protective measures to be taken. Several international conventions and the scientific community in general, consider seamounts, priority sites for conservation by the great biodiversity that occurs. Portugal is the European country that has the largest amount of underwater mountains within its submerged territory, so it’s our responsibility to protect these fragile ecosystems. The Gorringe Bank is a large seamount that arises from the 5000m depth to the heights of 28m depth (peak Gettysburg ) and 33-46m depth (peak Ormonde) reaching the photic zone. It is a place with high primary productivity in oceanic context and a unique ecosystem, where it is recorded the presence of 862 species. In it occurs the presence of Natura 2000 network habitats: 1170 " Reefs" and 1110 " Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time" and the species Chelonia mydas (Green-turtle), Caretta caretta (Loggerhead-turtle), Scyllarides latus (Slipper-lobster), Lithothamnion corallioides (Mäerl) and Centrostephanus longispinus (Hatpin-urchin) as well as the presence of habitats considered endangered by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR): Seamounts, Coral Gardens, Deep-sea sponge aggregations, Lophelia pertusa reefs and the species Caretta caretta (Loggerhead-turtle) and Hoplostethus atlanticus (Orange roughy). In this thesis it was compiled and studied the Gorringe Bank information and it is proposed the creation of an MPA with a polygon accompanying the 1000m deep. It is intended in this way to constructively contribute to the extension of the Natura 2000 Network in the marine environment through the construction of the previous study required for the creation of a new Natura 2000 Network Site of Community Importance (SIC) at Gorringe Bank. It was assessed the relevance, potential and constraints of the Gorringe Bank designation as a site of community importance

Alteração do comprimento do passo durante a transposição de obstáculos em tarefas de movimentação de cargas na construção civil

A Construção Civil tem sido o sector que regista maior incidência de acidentes fatais a nível mundial. Diversos estudos têm sido efectuados no sentido de compreender as causas que contribuem para a ocorrência de elevados índices de sinistralidade neste sector. Todavia, o contributo da movimentação manual de cargas, para a ocorrência de quedas na Construção Civil, tem sido descurado. No presente artigo procedeu-se, através de simulação laboratorial, ao estudo da influência da movimentação manual de cargas para a ocorrência de acidentes em operações envolvendo a transposição de obstáculos em obra. Verificou-se que o comprimento de passo e a passada do pé de avanço são alterados com o transporte de carga, aumentando a probabilidade de ocorrência de acidentes envolvendo quedas

Expressão do gene da interleucina-10 na conjuntivite alérgica canina

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaA conjuntivite alérgica canina (CAc) é uma doença cuja manifestação clínica ocorre nas pálpebras, na conjuntiva e/ou na córnea. Caracteriza-se por reações de hipersensibilidade do tipo I e integra frequentemente a sintomatologia da dermatite atópica canina (DAc). Através do estudo realizado no âmbito da presente dissertação de mestrado, pretende-se contribuir para a caracterização da resposta imunitária da CAc. Nesse sentido, um grupo controlo formado por animais saudáveis (n=10) e um grupo de animais atópicos com conjuntivite alérgica (CA) (n=10) integraram a presente experiência. Ambos foram submetidos a um exame dermatológico e oftalmológico completos, em que se procedeu, apenas para o grupo atópico, à classificação da gravidade das lesões com o Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index – fourth version (CADESI-4), bem como à avaliação quantitativa dos sinais clínicos de CAc (corrimento ocular, epífora, hiperémia conjuntival, prurido, quemose e queratite concomitante) através da atribuição de um valor entre 0 (ausente) e 3 (grave). Subsequentemente, após a aplicação tópica ocular de anestésico, uma amostra de conjuntiva palpebral medindo cerca de 2x2 mm foi colhida e submetida a quantificação, por reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR), dos níveis de expressão de ácido ribonucleico mensageiro (mRNA) do gene da interleucina (IL) -10. A análise estatística foi realizada recorrendo ao teste Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon e ao teste de correlação de Spearman, sendo que os resultados a seguir apresentados surgem sob a forma de média±desvio-padrão. O score de CADESI-4 nos cães atópicos foi de 22,1±15,72. O score de CA do olho esquerdo foi de 8,9±15,72 e no olho direito 9,1±2,51. A média do score de CA de ambos os olhos foi 9,0±2,30. Os níveis de expressão do gene da IL-10 para o grupo atópico e controlo foram, respetivamente, 0,005±0,0029 e 0,004±0,0024. Verificou-se existir um coeficiente de correlação positivo entre os valores de CADESI-4 e os níveis de expressão do gene da IL-10 (p=0,25), bem como um coeficiente de correlação negativo entre a média do score de CA de ambos os olhos e a expressão do mesmo gene (p=0,35). Desta forma, concluímos que aparentemente o grupo atópico apresenta maiores níveis de expressão do gene da IL-10, o que poderá ser útil para o estudo da fisiopatologia e tratamento de atopia canina e respetiva CA. É necessária a realização de mais estudos para confirmar esta hipótese.ABSTRACT - INTERLEUKIN-10 GENE EXPRESSION IN CANINE ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS - Canine allergic conjunctivitis (cAC) is a disease whose clinical manifestation occurs in the eyelids, in the conjunctiva and/or in the cornea. It is characterized by type I hypersensitivity reactions and is often included in the symptoms of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Through the study under this master thesis we aim to contribute to the characterization of cAC immune response. Therefore, a control group consisting of healthy animals (n=10) and a group of atopic animals with allergic conjunctivitis (AC) (n=10) were enrolled in the present experiment. Both underwent complete dermatological and ophthalmic examinations, which included, only for the atopic group, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index – fourth version (CADESI-4) classification of the severity of injuries, as well as the quantitative evaluation of clinical signs of AC (ocular discharge, epiphora, conjunctival hyperemia, pruritus, chemosis and concurrent keratitis) by rating them from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). Subsequently, after ocular topical anesthesia, a sample of palpebral conjunctiva measuring approximately 2x2 mm was collected and subjected to quantification, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of interleukin (IL) -10 gene. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and the Spearman correlation test, results being presented as mean±standard deviation. CADESI-4 score for the atopic group was 22,1±15,72. AC score in the left eye was 8,9±15,72 and in the right eye 9,1±2,51. The average AC score for both eyes corresponded to 9,0±2,30. IL-10 gene expression levels for the atopic and control group were, respectively, 0,005±0,0029 and 0,004±0,0024. There was a positive correlation coefficient between CADESI-4 values and IL-10 gene expression levels (p=0,25), as well as a negative correlation coefficient between the average of the AC score for both eyes and the expression of the same gene (p=0,35). Thus, we concluded that apparently the atopic group has higher IL-10 gene expression levels which may be useful for the study of the physiopathology and treatment of canine atopy and its respective AC. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis

El testigo ante el tribunal penal internacional

Las graves vulneraciones de los Derechos humanos durante el siglo XX y sus consecuencias han llevado a una concienciación de una parte de los responsables políticos y de la opinión pública, sobre la necesidad de avanzar en la configuración y protección efectiva de los Derechos humanos. En este camino destacan, sin lugar a dudas, dos iniciativas: la Declaración Universal de los Derechos humanos de 1948 y la creación de un Tribunal Penal Internacional de carácter permanente en 1998, ambas auspiciadas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Este tribunal, por contraste con los de Nüremberg y Tokio, resultantes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, no se le puede criticar por no respetar los principios de la irretroactividad de la ley penal o de legalidad. Ni tampoco haber sido creado ad hoc y ex post, para determinados conflictos, como ha sucedido con los más recientes de la exYugoslavia o Ruanda. Asimismo, el sometimiento a su jurisdicción, con carácter general, es voluntaria, al haber sido creado por un convenio internacional, que su competencia rationae temporis se refiere a los crímenes posteriores a su creación y que, además, posee carácter permanente. Nos centramos en un aspecto, entendemos fundamental, del funcionamiento de ese Tribunal: el testigo y su papel en los procesos ante el mismo. Y ello, porque dada la competencia del TPI para conocer de los delitos de genocidio, lesa humanidad, guerra y agresión, según su Estatuto, el rol de los testigos ante este órgano judicial va a ser crucial en la lucha contra la impunidad de los responsables. Como punto de partida, nos decidimos por un análisis general, tanto del testigo como de la prueba testifical entre los diversos sistemas jurídicos que componen las diferentes normas reguladoras del Tribunal Penal Internacional, para pasar después a un estudio detallado de la actividad de los testigos en la fase de investigación y en la posterior de juicio. Todo ello con el objetivo principal de determinar las posibilidades de aplicación en sede internacional de aquellas normas generales, cuando hay ausencia de previsiones legales en las normas que regulan el TPI y tratar, asimismo, de garantizar el derecho de defensa de los acusados, de una parte y la protección de los testigos en estos procedimientos internacionales, de otra.The atrocities perpetrated during the 20th Century against human rights and its consequences led to a change on the society conscience about human behaviour, mainly by govern leaders and popular opinion, about the need of effective mean to protect those rights. Towards this believes, we might mention the Universal Human Rights Declaration of 1948 and the creation of the International Criminal Court on 1998, both by the work of the United Nation. This Court, in opposition of those of Nuremberg and Tokyo, created by the and of the World War II, can’t be criticized for not having two of the most important criminal procedure principals recognized, as those of nullo crimen nulla poena sine legen, and of legality. Nor by being created ad hoc and ex post, as of those for the ex Yugoslavia or Rwanda had being. In a few words, we might say that due to its origin on a treaty this Court of Law has a volunteer jurisdiction to those States which have, in general, accepted it. Moreover, its effects have a projection ex tunc, and it’s permanent. In this work, we’ve done a research about on of the most important evidence to criminal procedures: the witness. And that’s because by the crimes the ICC has jurisdiction over, as of genocide, those against humanity, of war and international aggression, and in general as succeeds on all criminal procedures, that’s the kind of evidence on which the judges and benches usually base their decision on. The main purpose is to determinate which ones and in what manner and extension do the rules concerning witness applies on international procedures, and if they are sufficient to fulfil all blanks on ICC rules. Furthermore and as well, to verify if is there a balance between the protection of witness on one hand, and a fair trial to the accused on the other hand

#EntreViagenseAprendizagens: study protocol of a school-based intervention to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles among adolescents

Background: Adolescence is a critical period of development in which well-being usually decreases, mental health problems (e.g., depression, anxiety) increase, and lifestyles become less healthy. Schools are a primary setting for the promotion of the well-being and overall health of adolescents, and preventive actions should be a priority within the scope of health-promoting schools. #EntreViagenseAprendizagens is a school-based intervention aiming to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles among adolescents based on social and emotional learning, positive psychology, and health education approaches. Methods: This protocol describes a school-based intervention, #EntreViagenseAprendizagens, that will be implemented in several schools in Portugal. The program is aimed at 8th and 9th grade students (14–16 years old) and comprises 20 weekly sessions. One of the sessions is aimed at the students’ parents/guardians. The intervention content targets social and emotional skills, health literacy (physical and mental health), healthy lifestyles, character strengths, and well-being. An experimental design will be used in the intervention evaluation. Eighth grade classes will be randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group. All students complete the same assessment protocol at baseline, post-intervention, and 9-month follow-up. The impact assessment protocol includes measures related to well-being, health literacy, health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, relationships with others, social and emotional skills, and sociodemographic data. Process evaluation includes evaluation forms at the end of each session and at the end of the program and focus groups with students, parents, and teachers at the end of the program. Discussion: This school-based intervention may play an important role in promoting students’ well-being and in preventing unhealthy lifestyles and socio-emotional maladjustment, by focusing on the development of social and emotional skills and health literacy among adolescents, empowering them to face the changing future and grow up healthy. Furthermore, this project aims to provide relevant scientific findings that can contribute to the development of better health-promoting schools.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of knowledge, perceptions and self-confidence regarding tobacco control among graduating nursing students in Portugal

In the 20th century, the tobacco epidemic killed around 100 million people worldwide, and in the present century can be the cause of billions of deaths. WHO advocates that the solution to this global epidemic, which is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death in the world, is within our reach. The Government of Portugal signed the Framework Convention of the World Health Organization for Tobacco Control on January 9th, 2004, approving it and transposing it into national law on November 8th, 2005. The National Health Plan 2012-2016 considered smoking a priority health problem, and in 2012 it was created the National Program for Smoking Prevention and Control, a priority health program developed by the Director General of Health (DGS). With reference to this framework, the DGS launched a public tender for the study of evaluation of the acquisition of professional skills in the field of prevention and treatment of smoking during the nursing degree’s final year. This study aims to explore attitudes, knowledge, perceptions of curricula contents and confidence to intervene in tobacco control among graduating nursing students in Portugal

Quisto epidermóide esplénico: aspectos imagiológicos

O quisto epidermóide esplénico é uma entidade rara e os meios de imagem têm um papel importante no seu diagnóstico, que em definitivo, só é feito com análise histo-patológica. Apresenta-se um caso de quisto epidermóide esplénico, em criança de 11 anos de idade, que se manifestou por quadro de dor abdominal com evolução de um mês após traumatismo abdominal. São ilustrados os aspectos imagiológicos em ecografia, TC e RM com correlação anatomo-patológica. É efectuada uma revisão das características imagiológicas na caracterização e diagnóstico desta entidade nosológica

Whole Genome Sequencing Refines Knowledge on the Population Structure of Mycobacterium bovis from a Multi-Host Tuberculosis System

Classical molecular analyses of Mycobacterium bovis based on spoligotyping and Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) brought the first insights into the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis (TB) in Portugal, showing high genotypic diversity of circulating strains that mostly cluster within the European 2 clonal complex. Previous surveillance provided valuable information on the prevalence and spatial occurrence of TB and highlighted prevalent genotypes in areas where livestock and wild ungulates are sympatric. However, links at the wildlife–livestock interfaces were established mainly via classical genotype associations. Here, we apply whole genome sequencing (WGS) to cattle, red deer and wild boar isolates to reconstruct the M. bovis population structure in a multi-host, multi-region disease system and to explore links at a fine genomic scale between M. bovis from wildlife hosts and cattle. Whole genome sequences of 44 representative M. bovis isolates, obtained between 2003 and 2015 from three TB hotspots, were compared through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variant calling analyses. Consistent with previous results combining classical genotyping with Bayesian population admixture modelling, SNP-based phylogenies support the branching of this M. bovis population into five genetic clades, three with apparent geographic specificities, as well as the establishment of an SNP catalogue specific to each clade, which may be explored in the future as phylogenetic markers. The core genome alignment of SNPs was integrated within a spatiotemporal metadata framework to further structure this M. bovis population by host species and TB hotspots, providing a baseline for network analyses in different epidemiological and disease control contexts. WGS of M. bovis isolates from Portugal is reported for the first time in this pilot study, refining the spatiotemporal context of TB at the wildlife–livestock interface and providing further support to the key role of red deer and wild boar on disease maintenance. The SNP diversity observed within this dataset supports the natural circulation of M. bovis for a long time period, as well as multiple introduction events of the pathogen in this Iberian multi-host system.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enhanced detection of tuberculous mycobacteria in animal tissues using a semi-nested probe-based real-time PCR

Bovine tuberculosis has been tackled for decades by costly eradication programs in most developed countries, involving the laboratory testing of tissue samples from allegedly infected animals for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) members, namely Mycobacterium bovis. Definitive diagnosis is usually achieved by bacteriological culture, which may take up to 6-12 weeks, during which the suspect animal carcass and herd are under sanitary arrest. In this work, a user-friendly DNA extraction protocol adapted for tissues was coupled with an IS6110-targeted semi-nested duplex real-time PCR assay to enhance the direct detection of MTC bacteria in animal specimens, reducing the time to achieve a diagnosis and, thus, potentially limiting the herd restriction period. The duplex use of a novel β-actin gene targeted probe, with complementary targets in most mammals, allowed the assessment of amplification inhibitors in the tissue samples. The assay was evaluated with a group of 128 fresh tissue specimens collected from bovines, wild boars, deer and foxes. Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from 57 of these samples. Overall, the full test performance corresponds to a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 98.2% (CIP95% 89.4-99.9%) and 88.7% (CIP95% 78.5-94.7%), respectively. An observed kappa coefficient was estimated in 0.859 (CI P95% 0.771-0.948) for the overall agreement between the semi-nested PCR assay and the bacteriological culture. Considering only bovine samples (n = 69), the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were estimated in 100% (CI P95% 84.0-100%) and 97.7% (CIP95% 86.2-99.9%), respectively. Eight negative culture samples exhibiting TB-like lesions were detected by the semi-nested real-time PCR, thus emphasizing the increased potential of this molecular approach to detect MTC-infected animal tissues. This novel IS6110-targeted assay allows the fast detection of tuberculous mycobacteria in animal specimens with very high sensitivity and specificity, being amenable and cost effective for use in the routine veterinary diagnostic laboratory with further automation possibilities.publishersversionpublishe