Crop and weed response to reduced fertilization and tillage system in rainfed cereal crops

Se muestran diversos resultados obtenidos durante 2013 y 2014, en un monocultivo de trigo (E1, 32 años) y una rotación de trigo- guisante proteaginoso (E3, 13 años), con dos niveles de fertilización: tradicional y reducida un 50%, bajo laboreo convencional (LC), mínimo (LM) y siembra directa (SD). La nascencia de los cultivos no resultó afectada por el laboreo ni la fertilización, salvo en guisante (LC, 2013). Los rendimientos de trigo fueron siempre mayores en SD, y bajo fertilización reducida en 2014 (E3). Entre las arvenses principales, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus blitoides y Polygonum aviculare, fueron más abundantes en LC o LM. Descurainia sophia y Papaver rhoeas lo fueron en SD y Anacyclus clavatus en LM. La mayor densidad de arvenses se registró en SD y tan solo Lactuca serriola resultó afectada por el nivel de fertilización.This work shows different results obtained in 2013 and 2014 growing seasons in a wheat monoculture field experiment (E1) lasting 32 years, and in a wheat-pea rotation field experiment (E2) lasting 13 years. Two levels of nitrogen fertilization. were considered, traditional and reduced (rates were reduced by 50%), in three different tillage systems: conventional tillage (LC), minimum tillage (LM) and no-tillage (SD). Seedling emergence was not affected by tillage and fertilizer rates except in the pea crop in LC in 2013. Wheat yields peaked in 2014 in SD with reduced fertilization. Considering the weed flora, main species such as Chenopodium album, Amaranthus blitoides and Polygonum aviculare were more abundant in LC and LM. However, Papaver rhoeas and Descurainia sophia were more abundant in SD, and Anacyclus clavatus in LM. The highest weed density was observed in SD and just Lactuca serriola was the only weed species affected by the level of fertilization

Effect of tillage system on the functional diversity of weed communities: Is it worth measuring local functional traits?

Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo: i) testar el efecto de tres sistemas de laboreo (laboreo de subsuelo, laboreo mínimo y siembra directa) sobre la diversidad funcional de la comunidad de arvenses; ii) evaluar la necesidad de hacer mediciones locales de rasgos funcionales (área foliar específica (SLA), altura total de la planta y peso de las semillas) para analizar el efecto del tipo de manejo. Se han calculado tres índices de diversidad funcional con los valores de los rasgos obtenidos en la literatura y con los valores de la comunidad local. El efecto del tipo de laboreo sobre estos índices se ha analizado mediante modelos lineales. Los resultados muestran una influencia del origen de los datos a la hora de detectar el efecto del manejo sobre la diversidad funcional de las comunidades arvenses, siendo la siembra directa el sistema que presenta los índices de diversidad funcional más altos.In this work we aim: i) to test the effect of three tillage systems (subsoil tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage) on the functional diversity of weed communities; and ii) to assess the need for local measurements of functional traits (specific leaf area (SLA), total height of the plant and seed weight) when assessing the effect of management on weed functional diversity. Three functional diversity indexes have been developed, based on local data and data from the literature. The effect of tillage system on the indexes has been analyzed with linear models. The results show that the origin of the data determines the effect of the soil management on the functional diversity of the weed communities, being no-tillage the system with highest functional diversity indexes

Tracking changes on soil structure and organic carbon sequestration after 30 years of different tillage and management practices

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions

Crop rotational diversity can mitigate climate-induced grain yield losses

Diversified crop rotations have been suggested to reduce grain yield losses from the adverse climatic conditions increasingly common under climate change. Nevertheless, the potential for climate change adaptation of different crop rotational diversity (CRD) remains undetermined. We quantified how climatic conditions affect small grain and maize yields under different CRDs in 32 long-term (10-63 years) field experiments across Europe and North America. Species-diverse and functionally rich rotations more than compensated yield losses from anomalous warm conditions, long and warm dry spells, as well as from anomalous wet (for small grains) or dry (for maize) conditions. Adding a single functional group or crop species to monocultures counteracted yield losses from substantial changes in climatic conditions. The benefits of a further increase in CRD are comparable with those of improved climatic conditions. For instance, the maize yield benefits of adding three crop species to monocultures under detrimental climatic conditions exceeded the average yield of monocultures by up to 553 kg/ha under non-detrimental climatic conditions. Increased crop functional richness improved yields under high temperature, irrespective of precipitation. Conversely, yield benefits peaked at between two and four crop species in the rotation, depending on climatic conditions and crop, and declined at higher species diversity. Thus, crop species diversity could be adjusted to maximize yield benefits. Diversifying rotations with functionally distinct crops is an adaptation of cropping systems to global warming and changes in precipitation.</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

26 Las tarjetas postales ilustradas “Socuéllamos 1903”

Las tarjetas postales ilustradas “Socuéllamos 1903” constituyen una colección de 10 fotografías, en forma de reportaje, que editadas a través del formato tarjeta postal, constituyen un testimonio histórico único del municipio de aquella época. Además de ello, los millones de tarjetas postales ilustradas similares, editadas en todo el mundo a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, dio lugar al fenómeno del intercambio de las mismas entre coleccionistas de todos los países, pudiéndose considerar como la primera red social. El incremento en la rapidez de las comunicaciones, principalmente mediante el ferrocarril, y la consolidación de las técnicas fotográficas y de impresión facilitaron ese fenómeno de intercambio sin precedente. Las series o blocs postales sirvieron también de referencia visual a los inicios de la cinematografía en 1895.The series “Socuéllamos 1903” shapes a collection of 10 photographs. Taking the form of a report, they were later edited into a postcard format and now constitute a unique historical testimony of the municipality at that time. By the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th Century millions of similar illustrated postcards were published all over the world, giving rise to the phenomenon of their exchange among collectors from different countries, something which could be considered as the first form of social networking. The increase in the speed of communications –especially thanks to the railroad– and the consolidation of photographic and printing techniques enabled this unprecedented event of exchange. Postcards also became a visual reference to the beginnings of cinematography in 1895

Impulso de la escuela de padres-madres

Con este proyecto innovador se trata de disponer de más recursos para profundizar en temas de gran interés en la educación de los hijos, compartiendo experiencias y formándose en los aspectos propios de la edad adolescente. La implicación con las familias pretende ir más allá de las charlas coloquio y mesas redondas. Gracias a la participación, implicación y ganas de colaborar en la vida del centro, se pretende una formación más completa adecuándola al Plan de Acción Tutorial. Es un proyecto que trata de responder a la necesidad de impulsar la Escuela de Padres y Madres.Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de EducaciónAndalucíaIES Fuente Luna; Ronda El Olivar, sin número; 29560 Pizarra (Málaga); Tel. +34952483986; [email protected]

Estudio comparativo de la adsorción de azul de toluidina y cristal violeta por la biomasa de dos especies del género trichoderma y carbón activado

El Cristal Violeta (CV) y el Azul de Toluidina (AT) han sido encontrados en ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos debido a su inapropiada disposición. Para disminuir la contaminación que provocan dichos colorantes al medio ambiente se han buscado alternativas biológicas, dentro de las cuales se encuentra el uso de la biomasa fúngica como agente adsorbente. Considerando lo anterior el presente trabajo determinó la biosorción de la biomasa de dos especies del género Trichoderma frente a CV y AT, y la comparó con la adsorción que presenta el carbón activado ante estos dos colorantes. Los resultados indicaron que el promedio de biosorción de CV por la biomasa de T. viride (96%) y T. virens (94%) no fueron tan altos como la del carbón activado (99%). En contraste, el promedio de adsorción para AT fue mucho menor para la biomasa de T. viride (83%), T. virens (84%) y carbón activado (93%) que el que tuvieron ante CV. Los datos experimentales tienen una buena correlación con los modelos de Freundlich, Langmuir y el modelo cinético de pseudo segundo orden. Encontrando una qmax de 10.39 mg g- 1 para T. viride en el caso de CV y de 21.69 mg g- 1 para T. virens ante AT

La transición agroecológica: oportunidad y reto para los sistemas cerealistas mediterráneos de secano

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