Déterminants de la Diversité Alimentaire des Ménages des Provinces Muyinga et Karusi

Contexte : Tout comme la plupart des pays africains, la situation du Burundi en matière de de l’alimentation n’est pas assez satisfaisant. Il ressort des résultats (2) que 44,4% des ménages étaient en insécurité alimentaire dont 9,5% en insécurité alimentaire sévère et 34,9% en insécurité alimentaire modérée avec 44% des ménages en insécurité alimentaire. Le score moyen de diversité alimentaire du ménage (SDAM) était de 4,9 groupes alimentaires. Objectifs : L’objectif principal est d’identifier les facteurs à l’origine de diversité alimentaire à Karusi et à Muyinga. Au-delà de cet objectif pratique il sera aussi question de mesurer les niveaux géographiques de diversité alimentaire dans les deux provinces et d’Identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire des ménages de deux provinces. Méthodes : Recherches documentaires centrées sur les articles scientifiques et de publications sur la diversité alimentaire, calcul des indicateurs de sécurité alimentaire à partir des approches méthodologiques proposées par la FAO et le PAM et les analyses descriptives bi variées et la régression logistiques binaire pour rechercher les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que les niveaux de diversité alimentaire acceptable est faible à Karusi qu’à Muyinga.  Au niveau bi varié à l’exception de la variable sexe du CM dans la province Karusi, toutes les autres variables sont significativement associées à la diversité alimentaire des ménages de la zone étudiée. Au niveau multivariée, six variables (District sanitaire, Niveau de vie, taille du ménage, revenu agricole, l’âge et le niveau d’instruction du CM) sont identifiées comme déterminants de à diversité alimentaire acceptable à Karusi alors que à Muyinga trois variables (Niveau de vie, taille du ménage et revenu agricole) sont identifiées comme déterminants. Conclusion : Au regard de l’indicateur du niveau de sécurité et de diversité alimentaire des ménages, la situation alimentaire des ménages est en dégradation à Karusi alors que Muyinga sort de plus en plus en situation précarité alimentaire.   Background : Like most African countries, Burundi's food situation is unsatisfactory. Results (2) showed that 44.4% of households were food insecure, including 9.5% who were severely food insecure, and 34.9% who were moderately food insecure, with 44% of households being food insecure. The average household dietary diversity score (SDAM) was 4.9 food groups. Objectives : The main objective is to identify the factors behind food diversity in Karusi and Muyinga. Beyond this practical objective, it will also be a question of measuring the geographical levels of dietary diversity in the two provinces and identifying the determinants of dietary diversity in households in the two provinces. Methods : Literature searches focused on scientific articles and publications on dietary diversity, calculation of food security indicators based on methodological approaches proposed by FAO and WFP, and bi-variate descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression to investigate the determinants of dietary diversity. Results : The results show that levels of acceptable dietary diversity are lower in Karusi than in Muyinga.  At the bivariate level, with the exception of the CM gender variable in Karusi province, all other variables were significantly associated with dietary diversity in households in the study area. At the multivariate level, six variables (health district, standard of living, household size, agricultural income, age and education level of the CM) were identified as determinants of acceptable dietary diversity in Karusi, while in Muyinga three variables (standard of living, household size and agricultural income) were identified as determinants. Conclusion : With regard to the indicator of the level of household food security and diversity, the food situation of households is deteriorating in Karusi, while Muyinga is becoming increasingly food insecure

Déterminants de la Diversité Alimentaire des Ménages des Provinces de Muyinga et de Karusi au Burundi

Contexte : Tout comme la plupart des pays africains, la situation du Burundi en matière de l’alimentation n’est pas assez satisfaisante. Le taux de pauvreté monétaire touche plus de la moitié de la population, 51,4% selon les résultats de l’Enquête Intégrée sur les Conditions de vie des ménages de 2020. En d’autres termes, un peu plus de la moitié de la population résidant au Burundi ne parvient pas à satisfaire quotidiennement leurs besoins de base alimentaires et non-alimentaires. Objectifs : L’objectif principal est d’identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire à Karusi et à Muyinga. Au-delà de cet objectif, il sera aussi question de mesurer les niveaux de diversité alimentaire dans les deux provinces et d’Identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire des ménages. Méthodes : Cette étude repose sur une recherches documentaires centrées sur les articles scientifiques et de publications sur la diversité alimentaire, calcul des indicateurs de sécurité alimentaire à partir des approches méthodologiques proposées par l’Organisation Mondiale de l’agriculture et le Programme Alimentaire Mondial et les analyses descriptives bi variées et la régression logistique binaire pour rechercher les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire. Résultats : La faible diversité alimentaire est plus observée dans la province Karusi. L’analyse bivariée prouve qu’à l’exception de la variable Sexe du chef du ménage, dans la province Muyinga, toutes les autres variables sont significativement associées à la diversité alimentaire des ménages. Au niveau multi variée, il ressort des résultats que la taille du ménage, le revenu lié à l’agriculture et le niveau de vie du ménage déterminent la diversité alimente alimentaire des ménages dans les deux provinces. Le district de résidence, le niveau d’instruction et l’âge du Chef de Ménage sont des déterminants spécifiques de à la diversité alimentaire des ménages de la province de Karusi. Conclusion : Les résultats montrent que la diversité alimentaire acceptable est faible à Karusi qu’à Muyinga.  Trois déterminants de la diversité alimentaire sont communs pour les deux provinces et trois déterminants sont spécifiques à la province Karusi.   Context: Like most African countries, Burundi's food situation is not satisfactory enough. The monetary poverty rate affects more than half the population, 51.4% according to the results of the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey of 2020. In other words, just over half the population residing in Burundi is unable to meet their basic food and non-food needs daily. Objectives: The main objective is to identify the determinants of food diversity in Karusi and Muyinga. Beyond this objective, it will also measure levels of dietary diversity in the two provinces and identify the determinants of household dietary diversity. Methods: This study is based on a literature search focusing on scientific articles and publications on dietary diversity, calculation of food security indicators using the methodological approaches proposed by the World Organization for Agriculture and the World Food Programme, and bi-variate descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression to investigate the determinants of dietary diversity. Results: Low dietary diversity is more prevalent in Karusi province. Bivariate analysis shows that, except for the variable Sex of household head, in Muyinga province all other variables are significantly associated with household dietary diversity. At the multivariate level, the results show that household size, agricultural income, and household standard of living determine household dietary diversity in both provinces. District of residence, level of education, and age of head of household are specific determinants of household dietary diversity in Karusi province. Conclusion: The results show that acceptable dietary diversity is lower in Karusi than in Muyinga.  Three determinants of dietary diversity are common to both provinces and three determinants are specific to Karusi province

Déterminants de la Diversité Alimentaire des Ménages des Provinces Muyinga et Karusi

Contexte : Tout comme la plupart des pays africains, la situation du Burundi en matière de de l’alimentation n’est pas assez satisfaisant. Il ressort des résultats (2) que 44,4% des ménages étaient en insécurité alimentaire dont 9,5% en insécurité alimentaire sévère et 34,9% en insécurité alimentaire modérée avec 44% des ménages en insécurité alimentaire. Le score moyen de diversité alimentaire du ménage (SDAM) était de 4,9 groupes alimentaires. Objectifs : L’objectif principal est d’identifier les facteurs à l’origine de diversité alimentaire à Karusi et à Muyinga. Au-delà de cet objectif pratique il sera aussi question de mesurer les niveaux géographiques de diversité alimentaire dans les deux provinces et d’Identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire des ménages de deux provinces. Méthodes : Recherches documentaires centrées sur les articles scientifiques et de publications sur la diversité alimentaire, calcul des indicateurs de sécurité alimentaire à partir des approches méthodologiques proposées par la FAO et le PAM et les analyses descriptives bi variées et la régression logistiques binaire pour rechercher les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que les niveaux de diversité alimentaire acceptable est faible à Karusi qu’à Muyinga.  Au niveau bi varié à l’exception de la variable sexe du CM dans la province Karusi, toutes les autres variables sont significativement associées à la diversité alimentaire des ménages de la zone étudiée. Au niveau multivariée, six variables (District sanitaire, Niveau de vie, taille du ménage, revenu agricole, l’âge et le niveau d’instruction du CM) sont identifiées comme déterminants de à diversité alimentaire acceptable à Karusi alors que à Muyinga trois variables (Niveau de vie, taille du ménage et revenu agricole) sont identifiées comme déterminants. Conclusion : Au regard de l’indicateur du niveau de sécurité et de diversité alimentaire des ménages, la situation alimentaire des ménages est en dégradation à Karusi alors que Muyinga sort de plus en plus en situation précarité alimentaire.   Background : Like most African countries, Burundi's food situation is unsatisfactory. Results (2) showed that 44.4% of households were food insecure, including 9.5% who were severely food insecure, and 34.9% who were moderately food insecure, with 44% of households being food insecure. The average household dietary diversity score (SDAM) was 4.9 food groups. Objectives : The main objective is to identify the factors behind food diversity in Karusi and Muyinga. Beyond this practical objective, it will also be a question of measuring the geographical levels of dietary diversity in the two provinces and identifying the determinants of dietary diversity in households in the two provinces. Methods : Literature searches focused on scientific articles and publications on dietary diversity, calculation of food security indicators based on methodological approaches proposed by FAO and WFP, and bi-variate descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression to investigate the determinants of dietary diversity. Results : The results show that levels of acceptable dietary diversity are lower in Karusi than in Muyinga.  At the bivariate level, with the exception of the CM gender variable in Karusi province, all other variables were significantly associated with dietary diversity in households in the study area. At the multivariate level, six variables (health district, standard of living, household size, agricultural income, age and education level of the CM) were identified as determinants of acceptable dietary diversity in Karusi, while in Muyinga three variables (standard of living, household size and agricultural income) were identified as determinants. Conclusion : With regard to the indicator of the level of household food security and diversity, the food situation of households is deteriorating in Karusi, while Muyinga is becoming increasingly food insecure

Multi-scale modelling of silicon nanocrystal synthesis by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition.

A multi-scale model has been developed in order to represent the nucleation and growth phenomena taking place during silicon nanocrystal (NC) synthesis on SiO2 substrates by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition from pure silane SiH4. Intrinsic sticking coefficients and H2 desorption kinetic parameters were established by ab initio modelling for the first three stages of silicon chemisorption on SiO2 sites, i.e. silanol Si―OH bonds and siloxane Si―O―Si bridges. This ab initio study has revealed that silane cannot directly chemisorb on SiO2 sites, the first silicon chemisorption proceeds from homogeneously born unsaturated species like silylene SiH2. These kinetic data were implemented into the Computational Fluid Dynamics Fluent code at the industrial reactor scale, by activating its system of surface site control in transient conditions. NC area densities and radii deduced from Fluent calculations were validated by comparison with experimental data. Information about the deposition mechanisms was then obtained. In particular, hydrogen desorption has been identified as the main limiting step of NC nucleation and growth, and the NC growth rate highly increases with run duration due to the autocatalytic nature of deposition

Towards multiscale modeling of Si nanocrystals LPCVD deposition on SiO2: From ab initio calculations to reactor scale simulations

A modeling study is presented involving calculations at continuum and atomistic (DFT, Density Functional Theory) levels so as to better understand mechanisms leading to silicon nanocrystals (NC) nucleation and growth on SiO2 silicon dioxide surface, by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) from silane SiH4. Calculations at the industrial reactor scale show that a promising way to improve reproducibility and uniformity of NC deposition at short term could be to increase deposition time by highly diluting silane in a carrier gas. This dilution leads to a decrease of silane deposition rate and to a marked increase of the contribution to deposition of unsaturated species such as silylene SiH2. This result gives importance to our DFT calculations since they reveal that only silylene (and probably other unsaturated species) are involved in the very first steps of nucleation i.e. silicon chemisorption on silanol Si–OH or siloxane Si–O–Si bonds present on SiO2 substrates. Saturated molecules such as silane could only contribute to NC growth, i.e. chemisorption on already deposited silicon bonds, since their decomposition activation barriers on SiO2 surface are as high as 3 eV

Medical care of asylum seekers: a descriptive study of the appropriateness of nurse practitioners' care compared to traditional physician-based care in a gatekeeping system

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Medical care for asylum seekers is a complex and critical issue worldwide. It is influenced by social, political, and economic pressures, as well as premigration conditions, the process of migration, and postmigration conditions in the host country. Increasing needs and healthcare costs have led public health authorities to put nurse practitioners in charge of the management of a gatekeeping system for asylum seekers. The quality of this system has never been evaluated. We assessed the competencies of nurses and physicians in identifying the medical needs of asylum seekers and providing them with appropriate treatment that reflects good clinical practice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated the appropriateness of care provided to asylum seekers by trained nurse practitioners in nursing healthcare centers and by physicians in private practices, an academic medical outpatient clinic, and the emergency unit of the university hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland. From 1687 asylum seeking patients who had consulted each setting between June and December 2003, 450 were randomly selected to participate. A panel of experts reviewed their medical records and assessed the appropriateness of medical care received according to three parameters: 1) use of appropriate procedures to identify medical needs (medical history, clinical examination, complementary investigations, and referral), 2) provision of access to treatment meeting medical needs, and 3) absence of unnecessary medical procedures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the nurse practitioner group, the procedures used to identify medical needs were less often appropriate (79% of reports vs. 92.4% of reports; p < 0.001). Nevertheless, access to treatment was judged satisfactory and was similar (p = 0.264) between nurse practitioners and physicians (99% and 97.6% of patients, respectively, received adequate care). Excessive care was observed in only 2 physician reports (0.8%) and 3 nurse reports (1.5%) (p = 0.481).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although the nursing gatekeeping system provides appropriate treatment to asylum seekers, it might be improved with further training in recording medical history and performing targeted clinical examination.</p

Plasmodium vivax-like genome sequences shed new insights into Plasmodium vivax biology and evolution

Although Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria infections outside Africa, little is known about its evolution and pathway to humans. Its closest genetic relative, P. vivax-like, was discovered in African great apes and is hypothesized to have given rise to P. vivax in humans. To unravel the evolutionary history and adaptation of P. vivax to different host environments, we generated using long- and short-read sequence technologies 2 new P. vivax-like reference genomes and 9 additional P. vivax-like genotypes. Analyses show that the genomes of P. vivax and P. vivax-like are highly similar and colinear within the core regions. Phylogenetic analyses clearly show that P. vivax-like parasites form a genetically distinct clade from P. vivax. Concerning the relative divergence dating, we show that the evolution of P. vivax in humans did not occur at the same time as the other agents of human malaria, thus suggesting that the transfer of Plasmodium parasites to humans happened several times independently over the history of the Homo genus. We further identify several key genes that exhibit signatures of positive selection exclusively in the human P. vivax parasites. Two of these genes have been identified to also be under positive selection in the other main human malaria agent, P. falciparum, thus suggesting their key role in the evolution of the ability of these parasites to infect humans or their anthropophilic vectors. Finally, we demonstrate that some gene families important for red blood cell (RBC) invasion (a key step of the life cycle of these parasites) have undergone lineage-specific evolution in the human parasite (e.g., reticulocyte-binding proteins [RBPs])

Efficacy, safety, and dose of Pafuramidine, a new oral drug for treatment of first stage sleeping sickness, in a phase 2a clinical study and phase 2b randomized clinical studies

Sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]) is caused by protozoan parasites and characterized by a chronic progressive course, which may last up to several years before death. We conducted two Phase 2 studies to determine the efficacy and safety of oral pafuramidine in African patients with first stage HAT.; The Phase 2a study was an open-label, non-controlled, proof-of-concept study where 32 patients were treated with 100 mg of pafuramidine orally twice a day (BID) for 5 days at two trypanosomiasis reference centers (Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) between August 2001 and November 2004. The Phase 2b study compared pafuramidine in 41 patients versus standard pentamidine therapy in 40 patients. The Phase 2b study was open-label, parallel-group, controlled, randomized, and conducted at two sites in the DRC between April 2003 and February 2007. The Phase 2b study was then amended to add an open-label sequence (Phase 2b-2), where 30 patients received pafuramidine for 10 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was parasitologic cure at 24 hours (Phase 2a) or 3 months (Phase 2b) after treatment completion. The primary safety outcome was the rate of occurrence of World Health Organization Toxicity Scale Grade 3 or higher adverse events. All subjects provided written informed consent.; Pafuramidine for the treatment of first stage HAT was comparable in efficacy to pentamidine after 10 days of dosing. The cure rates 3 months post-treatment were 79% in the 5-day pafuramidine, 100% in the 7-day pentamidine, and 93% in the 10-day pafuramidine groups. In Phase 2b, the percentage of patients with at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event was notably higher after pentamidine treatment (93%) than pafuramidine treatment for 5 days (25%) and 10 days (57%). These results support continuation of the development program for pafuramidine into Phase 3

Excess Spin and the Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Ferritin

Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements on a series of synthetic ferritin proteins containing from 100 to 3000 Fe(III) ions are used to determine the uncompensated moment of these antiferromagnetic particles. The results are compared with recent theories of macroscopic quantum coherence which explicitly include the effect of this excess moment. The scaling of the excess moment with protein size is consistent with a simple model of finite size effects and sublattice noncompensation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 Postsript figures, 1 table. Submitted to PR

Antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds from Cameroonians Allanblackia

Background: Plasmodium falciparum, one of the causative agents of malaria, has high adaptability through mutation and is resistant to many types of anti-malarial drugs. This study presents an in vitro assessment of the antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds isolated from plants of the genus Allanblackia . Methods: Tests were performed on well plates filled with a fixed parasitized erythrocytes volume. Compounds to be tested were then added in wells. After incubation, tritiated hypoxanthine is added and the plates were returned to the incubator. After thawing, the nucleic acids are collected. Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) was determined by linear interpolation. Results: From Allanblackia floribunda , have been isolated and characterized 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone 1, macluraxanthone 4, morelloflavone 9, Volkensiflavone 10 and morelloflavone 7-O-glucoside 11; from Allanblackia monticola, \u3b1-mangosine 2, rubraxanthone 3, allaxanthone C 5, norcowanine 6 , tovophiline A 7, allaxanthone B 8 and from Allanblackia gabonensis , 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone 1. Six of them were evaluated for their antimalarial properties. The most active compound, macluraxanthone, presented a very interesting activity, with an IC50 of 0.36 and 0.27 \u3bcg/mL with the F32 and FcM29 strains respectively. Conclusion: This work confirms that species of Allanblackia genus are medicinally important plants containing many biologically active compounds that can be used effectively as antiplasmodial