CROSS CULTURAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION STYLES: DATA REVISITED

The way conflicts are solved is thought to be culturally learned (Hammer, 2005); therefore, this is reflected through language use.  Conflicts, as inevitable parts of communication, naturally mirror cultural differences. Intercultural conflict styles have been studied so far by various researchers.  How conflicts are initiated, maintained and escalated or terminated are all culture bound (Leung, 2002) and all the related stages vary from one culture to another.  In the related literature, there have been attempts to describe different conflict handling classifications. Using Hammer’s (2005) categorization that was found to be more refined and summative, conflict resolution styles of Turkish and American College students were explored using Discourse Completion Tests (DCT) with eight conflict situations where the respondents were required to write verbal solutions to overcome the conflicts described in the test. Those utterances were categorized according to Directness/Indirectness Scale modified from Hammer’s (2005) “International Conflict Style Inventory (ICSI)” that classifies intercultural conflict resolution styles as high/low level of directness and high/low level of emotional expressiveness.  It is believed that the study provides insight into intercultural communication as there are culturally generalizable (etic) and learned patterns of conflict resolution styles pertinent to different cultures (Hammer, 2009, p. 223; Ting-Toomey, 1994).Keywords: conflict resolution styles, Turkish and American cultures 

Lymphocytic Colitis Associated with Lansoprazole Treatment

AbstractIntroduction: There have been several reported cases of lansoprazole-associated collagenous colitis (CC) reported in the literature but only 1 reported case of lansoprazole-associated lymphocytic colitis (LC) in the literature. Both CC and LC are considered inflammatory bowel diseases, but they are distinctly classified based on the condition of the colon, which is typically confirmed through biopsy.Case summaries: A 52-year-old white male (Patient 1), with a height of 178 cm and weight of 75 kg, presented to Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, with a 3-month history of abdominal pain and nonbloody, watery diarrhea. The patient reported receiving PO lansoprazole 30 mg/d to treat heartburn ~1 week prior to the onset of diarrhea. The patient's medical history revealed that he did not have any preexisting conditions, other than gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) for which lansoprazole was prescribed. The medical history report also revealed that the patient was not receiving any concomitant medications or treatments at the time. A colon biopsy confirmed LC. Additionally, a 43-year-old white female (Patient 2), with a height of 168 cm and weight of 61 kg, presented to the same facility with a 6-month history of nonbloody, watery diarrhea and mild lower abdominal cramping. The patient reported that initial onset began ~2 months after receiving a 10-day Helicobacter pylori eradication combination treatment regimen that included lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin, followed by lansoprazole monotherapy to treat GERD. The patient's medical history revealed no other concomitant medications were being adminstered at the time. A colon biopsy confirmed LC.Discussion: A search of the literature using the MEDLINE database and all relevant English-language articles with key words lansoprazole and lymphocytic colitis, found that there were several cases of lansoprazole-associated CC reported and 1 reported case of lansoprazole-associated LC. Histologic findings from laboratory tests and colon biopsies confirmed diagnoses of LC in both patients in this case report. Patient 1 presented with diarrhea and cramping, which the patient reported had been ongoing for ~3 months, following lansoprazole administration. However, after lansoprazole was discontinued, the symptoms completely resolved within 7 days. Patient 2 presented with diarrhea and cramping, which had been occurring for ~6 months. That patient reported that initial onset commenced ~2 months after a 10-day H pylori eradication combination treatment regimen that included lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin, followed by lansoprazole monotherapy to treat GERD. However, after sulfasalazine (3 g/d) was prescribed for 2 months immediately upon diagnosis of LC, there was little improvement in the effort to control the diarrhea in this patient. After omeprazole 20 mg/d was substituted for lansoprazole, the patient's diarrhea ceased. Follow-up sigmoidoscopy 2 months later revealed normal mucosa and complete normalization of histologic findings. The patient remains diarrhea-free while on omeprazole. A causality assessment using the Naranjo adverse reaction algorithm produced scores of 6 for both patients, suggesting that LC was probably associated with lansoprazole treatment.Conclusions: Here we report 2 cases of LC in patients probably associated with the administration of lansoprazole treatment. Complete remission occurred after lansoprazole was discontinued

The rare presentations of a large polyp and an esophageal carcinoma in heterotropic gastric mucosa: a case series

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) is commonly seen in the upper esophagus during endoscopyand is generally considered a benign disease. A hyperplastic polyp and an adenocarcinoma arising in heterotopic gastric mucosa are quite rare occurences.</p> <p>Case presentations</p> <p>We present two cases: The first is a patient who suffered from dysphagia because of a large hyperplastic polyp that arose from HGM; the polyp was excised endoscopically. Secondly, we report a rare case of adenocarcinoma arising in HGM of the cervical esophagus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Morphologic changes or malignant transformation can develop in the inlet patch. Therefore, gastroenterologists should be aware of the possibility of HGM just distal to the upper esophageal sphincter.</p

High chromosomal instability in adenocarcinoma of the ileum arising from multifocal gastric heterotopia with gastritis cystica profunda

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine arising from heterotopic gastric mucosa is extremely rare. In this report, we present the case of a 68-year-old woman who complained of abdominal pain, weight loss and subileus. Gross examination of resected small bowel revealed multiple flat polypous lesions with cysts in the ileal submucosa, one of which containing an ulcerated, stenosing tumour. On microscopic examination, an adenocarcinoma of the ileum arising from multifocal gastric heterotopia with secondary gastritis cystica profunda was diagnosed. Comparative genomic hybridization of the adenocarcinoma revealed chromosomal gains at 1q, 3q, 5p, 8q, 11p, 12p, 13q and losses at Xp, 4q, 8p, 10p, 14q, 17p, 20p, compatible with a high degree of genomic instability

Pre-Service Efl Teachers' Professional Self-Concept: English Teaching Efficacy, Self Reported English Proficiency and Pedagogical Strategies: A Case Study in Turkish Context

This study touches upon one of the prominent problems in foreign language teacher education in Turkey: professional self-concept. Among the obstacles in growing competent language teachers and maintaining their quality are their self-perceptions regarding the efficacy of their teaching and their proficiency levels. Besides external factors like educational conditions, pre/in-service training, workplace facilities, teachers self- perceptions regarding their teaching efficacy and ability must be considered to improve teacher competencies. Teachers' beliefs in their efficacy are shown to have a role in their personal growth and professional success. To delve into Turkey millieu in depth, following Eslami (2008), the present study examines pre-service EFL teachers' perceptions of their teaching efficacy regarding their personal capabilities to teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and of their English language proficiency levels in Turkish context. For data collection, a modified version of the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001) was used to assess perceived efficacy for classroom management, and instructional strategies. In addition, self-reported proficiency and pedagogical strategies scales used by Chacon (2005) were also used. The present study pinpoints that pre-service language teachers should be encouraged and informed through awareness-raising procedures to improve their self-concept, which will in turn enhance their personal and professional growth. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Syrian children’s perceived integration into Turkish national education system

This study is conducted to analyze Syrian children’s educational life from the perspective of the teachers and explore their acculturation process, and adaptation into the Turkish culture with reference to the difficulties. Moreover, the study will take into account their academic attainment as well as the implemented bilingual education model. Grounded theory was utilized to analyze the data as it enables a scrupulous analysis when there is not much detailed information on the topic. Thematic analysis was conducted as the qualitative research design is required to explore and identify the academic achievement and social adaptation process of Syrian students in Turkey. The findings suggest that the teachers are aware of the Syrian students’ distinctive situation; however, they feel incompetent in supporting them. As for the Syrian students, teachers point at the language barrier they encounter while describing these children’s deficiency in both social adaptation and academic achievement. Therefore, they recommend supplying extra courses to enhance their language development and advise a common bilingual education model to be implemented. Besides, the teachers also highlight the significance of providing both psychological and social support for them in order to facilitate their acculturation

The effect of carnitine on random-pattern flap survival in rats

YILMAZ, TANER/0000-0001-8999-3237WOS: 000170901100021PubMed: 11547153Carnitine is an endogenous cofactor involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they undergo P-oxidation. Through another reaction, carnitine produces free coenzyme A and reduces the ratio of acetyl-coenzyme A to coenzyme A, thereby enhancing oxidative use of glucose, augmenting adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and reducing lactate production and acidosis. Because of its regulatory action on the energy flow from the different oxidative sources, especially under ischemic conditions, carnitine has been used in cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and chronic renal diseases with satisfactory results. A flap is also a relatively ischemic tissue and may obtain benefit from carnitine. To investigate this, 30 rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals: a control group and two carnitine-treated groups. Random dorsal skin flaps were elevated on the rats. In the control group, no pharmacologic agents were used. Of the two treated groups, group I was treated with 50 mg/kg/day carnitine for I week and group 2 was treated with 100 mg/kg/day carnitine for I week. The areas of flap necrosis were measured in each group. The median areas of flap necrosis of the groups were 12.55, 9.23, and 4.9 cm(2), respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement of flap necrosis in carnitine-treated groups compared with the control group (group 2, p = 0.001; group 3, p = 0.000). Furthermore, there was less necrosis in the high-dose carnitine-treated group than the low-dose carnitine-treated group. As a conclusion, carnitine may have a dose-dependent effect to increase flap survival in random skin flaps