Le droit international économique face aux défis des subventions à l’exportation : Évolution et traitement d’une pratique déloyale

L’encadrement juridique des subventions à l’exportation dans le cadre des négociations commerciales multilatérales est entaché par le péché originel de l’impunité et du traitement juridique différencié entre les subventions à l’exportation des produits primaires et des produits autres que primaires. De ce fait, bien que le principe de leur prohibition soit aujourd’hui admis, l’élimination totale de ces pratiques jugées déloyales par le droit de l’omc reste encore un voeu pieux. La preuve en est que les efforts en vue de leur démantèlement sont sans impact substantiel sur les politiques des États membres. Cet article décrit l’évolution de ce processus et lève le voile sur les critères qui fondent la prohibition des subventions à l’exportation par une analyse essentiellement juridique d’une mesure de distorsion habituellement commentée par des économistes.The legal framework of export subsidies in multilateral trade negotiations is tainted by the original sin of impunity and a differential treatment between subsidies on primary commodities, exports other than primary products. Therefore, although the principle of prohibition is now admitted, the total elimination of these practices deemed as unfair by the wto Law remains wishful thinking. The proof is that the efforts to dismantle them are without substantial impact on the policies of Member States. Usually, economists commented on the evolution of the process. Yet this article provides a legal perspective on this debate and reveals the criteria underlying the export subsidies prohibition

Effect of different types of fibers on the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concretes

International audienceThis study investigates the effect of adding different types of fibers on the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of cementitious composites, in particular on UHPC. These fibers were distinguished mainly by their differing nature (steel, mineral and synthetic), their dimensions (macroscopic or microscopic), and their mechanical properties. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by using SEM observation and by measuring the porosity, the intrinsic permeability and the P-wave velocity. The mechanical behavior under loading has been studied using a uni-axial compression test which combines the gas permeability and the acoustic emission (AE) measurement. This work focuses on the cracking process under mechanical loading. The experimental results show that the fiber has a relatively slight influence on the compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete, except for the steel fiber which improves the strength because of its intrinsic rigidity. However, The addition of fiber significantly reduces the lateral strain at peak loading and increases the threshold of initial cracking (σk-ci) and that of unstable cracking (σk-pi). Therefore, the fibers clearly restrain the cracking process in concrete under the mechanic loadin

Durabilité d’un ciment composé à base de mâchefer de Tefereyre (Niger): absorption capillaire, porosité accessible à l’eau et attaque acide

In this study, we evaluate the durability characteristics of composite cement with coal bottom ash produced by SONICHAR (Société Nigérienne de Charbon). The study firstly consists in the determination of the pozzolanic activity index of the coal bottom ash and the optimum rate to use in the composite cement. Thereafter an evaluation of capillary absorption, porosity accessible to water and resistance to sulfuric and nitric acid attack of mortar prepared made with the composite cement is performed. The results showed that the coal bottom ash powder obtained by grinding can partially substitute Portland cement at a rate of 15% enable to develop a CEM II A composite cement according to EN 197-1 Standard.Dans la présente étude, nous évaluons les caractéristiques vis-à-vis de la durabilité d’un ciment composé à base de mâchefer de charbon produit par la SONICHAR (Société Nigérienne de production d’énergie à base de  charbon minéral). L’étude consiste d’abord en la détermination de l’indice d’activité pouzzolanique du mâchefer et du taux optimal à utiliser pour mettre en place un ciment composé. Par la suite une évaluation du taux d’absorption capillaire, de la porosité accessible à l’eau et à la résistance à l’attaque acide sulfurique et nitrique de mortier confectionné à base du ciment composé élaboré est effectuée. Les résultats montrent que la poudre de ce mâchefer obtenu par broyage peut substituer partiellement le ciment Portland à un taux de 15% permettant d’élaborer un ciment composé de type CEM II A selon la norme EN 197-1

Building a POS terminal and an online shop for Nativeland Ghana

Applied project submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Ashesi University, in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science, May 2021Information technology plays an increasingly important role in the management of complex retail operations. The modern world is integrating technology into different parts of business, educational system, healthcare and many more. Customer service and experience is key, and it is important that a business aims to provide high-end service to their customers. Nativeland is a small retail outlet that sells household and office products. However, they make use of the traditional manual method of inventory management and sales tracking, where all records and data are handwritten. My proposed solution to this problem is the Nativeland POS terminal. A custom-built point-of-sale system that will replace the traditional manual method of handling business operations, from inventory management to sales reporting.Ashesi Universit

Assessing The Impact of Cluster Farming Initiatives on Small and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers, Ranchers, and Forestland Owners: A Case of The Southeastern Region of The United States

Farming in clusters is an economically viable practice to sustain small, limited resource, and socially disadvantaged farmers and forestland owners with their agricultural operations. The objectives of the study were to strengthen the capacity of clientele on cluster farming and to lower production and marketing costs by sharing input costs. Clusters were created and interventions were provided by project partners through several activities, including workshops, meetings, field days, loans, and materials/equipment. The results showed that 29 clusters involving 224 farmers, and 14 cooperatives involving 410 farmers were formed and strengthened. The number of farmers participating in workshops, training programs, field days, and meetings were, respectively, 4,921, 3,095, 1,426, and 1,285. The results also revealed that 190 producers received access to farm loans, mobile and stationary cold storage facilities, and marketing materials. Additionally, 930 farmers strengthened their knowledge and skills, and changed their behavior due to the implementation of the cluster farming approach

Binap and Phosphoramidites as Privileged Chiral Ligands for the Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides

2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (binap) and phosphoramidites are privileged chiral ligands that have been tested in the coinage-metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of metalloazomethine ylides and electrophilic alkenes. Silver(I), copper(II), and gold(I) salts have been evaluated in all of these reactions. Maleimides, acrylates, fumarates, 1,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene, and enones reacted with imino esters to give the corresponding endo-prolinates, such as hepatitis C (HCV) inhibitors, in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity using either binap–silver and –gold(I) or phosphoramidite–silver complexes. In the case of nitroalkenes, exo-4-nitroprolinates were obtained using silver or copper(II) phosphoramidite complexes. Azlactones reacted with maleimides and acrylates to give pyrrolines only in the presence of binap–gold(I) complexes. The observed enantioselectivity and mechanism of these 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were studied for the most relevant examples by means of DFT calculations.Our work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (CTQ2004-00808/BQU, Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2007-62771/BQU, CTQ2010-20387 and the Hispano-Brazilian project PHB2008-0037-PC), the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (projects CTQ2013-43446-P and CTQ2014-51912-REDC) FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039, and PROMETEOII/2014/017), and by the University of Alicante

Résistance au gel / dégel des BFUHP : compétition entre endommagement et cicatrisation

https://www.polytech.univ-savoie.fr/fileadmin/polytech_autres_sites/sites/augc2012/actes/Contribution1193.pdfNational audienceRésistance au gel / dégel des BFUHP : compétition entre endommagement et cicatrisatio