Perfil del profesorado universitario que emplea un enfoque docente centrado en el alumnado

Los enfoques de enseñanza a los que recurren los docentes universitarios determinan su forma de afrontar el proceso educativo y su figura como docentes. Éstos pueden ser de dos tipos, centrado en el profesorado/transmisión de la información y centrado en el alumnado/cambio conceptual. El objetivo de esta investigación es dibujar el perfil del profesor universitario según el enfoque docente más empleado. Con este fin, se aplicó el cuestionario ATI (2004) a un total de 501 docentes universitarios de la Región de Murcia. Los resultados muestran que el enfoque centrado en el alumnado es el más empleado entre las profesoras que han recibido formación didáctica, de menor edad o años de experiencia, preferiblemente de la rama de arte o humanidades y ciencias sociales y jurídicas y dependiendo del tipo de universidad a la que pertenece. De este modo, es posible detectar las variables que determinan el uso de este enfoque, en detrimento del anterior, y como consecuencia, las áreas donde es más necesario trabajar para hacer posible el cambio

Análisis del uso racional de antihipertensivos en la región de Murcia

ResumenObjetivoEl objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer el patrón de uso de los fármacos antihipertensivos en la Región de Murcia, contrastando los resultados con los datos nacionales (patrón de referencia), pudiendo de esta manera detectar posibles puntos de mejora o establecer hipótesis para posteriores estudios.DiseñoEstudio farmacoepidemiológico (2004 a 2008), conforme a las recomendaciones de la OMS.EmplazamientoRegión de Murcia.ParticipantesCenso poblacional anual.Mediciones principalesEl uso de antihipertensivos se ha medido mediante el cálculo de la dosis diaria definida por mil habitantes-día (DHD).ResultadosLa utilización de antihipertensivos se ha incrementado significativamente de 196,6 DHD a 235,8 DHD. Los antihipertensivos más usados en 2008 eran los ARA-II (38,6%), seguido de los IECA (21,8%). Se ha producido un cambio de tendencia en el uso de los bloqueantes del sistema renina angiotensina (BSRA), con un incremento del 77,5% en los ARA-II y una disminución del 9,5% en los IECA. La comparación con los datos nacionales muestran un menor uso de antihipertensivos y un diferente patrón en la Región de Murcia.ConclusionesSe constata un menor uso de antihipertensivos respecto a España, por lo que podría haber infratratamiento de esta u otras enfermedades cardiovasculares en las que se usan estos fármacos en la Región de Murcia. Se observa un mayor uso de ARA-II, así como un menor uso de IECA. Las diferencias encontradas ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de realizar estudios encaminados a esclarecer sus causas, para lograr un uso más racional y eficiente de los antihipertensivos.AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the pattern of use of antihypertensive drugs in the Murcia Region, comparing the results with the national data, and detecting problems in order to make improvements, or establish hypotheses and to plan new studies.DesignPharmacoepidemiological study (from 2004 to 2008) in accordance with the recommendations from World Heath Organization.Setting: Murcia Region.ParticipansAnnual census of each year.Main measurementsThe use of antihypertensive drugs was measured by the daily doses per 1000 inhabitans-day (DHD).ResultsThe use of antihypertensive drugs has significantly increased from 196.6 DHD to 235.8 DHD. The antihypertensives more used at the end of 2008 were: angiotensin II receptor blockers–ARB- (38.6%) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors–ACEI- (21.8%). There has been a tendency to change the use of rennin-angiotensin system blockers–RASB-, with an increase in ARB of 77.5% and and a decrease in ACEI 9.5%. The comparison with the national data shows qualitative and quantitative differences in the pattern of antihypertensive drugs used during the studied period.ConclusionsThe use of antihypertensive drugs in Murcia is less than in the rest of Spain. Therefore, this may be due to a problem of under treatment of this illness or other cardiovascular illnesses in the region. A greater use of ARB in Murcia and a lower use of ACEI was observed in Murcia. The differences found suggest that further studies are required to clarify their origins and causes, with the objective of achieving a more rational and efficient use of these drugs

Microbial Succession in the Gut: Directional Trends of Taxonomic and Functional Change in a Birth Cohort of Spanish Infants

In spite of its major impact on life-long health, the process of microbial succession in the gut of infants remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze the patterns of taxonomic and functional change in the gut microbiota during the first year of life for a birth cohort of 13 infants. We detect that individual instances of gut colonization vary in the temporal dynamics of microbiota richness, diversity, and composition at both functional and taxonomic levels. Nevertheless, trends discernible in a majority of infants indicate that gut colonization occurs in two distinct phases of succession, separated by the introduction of solid foods to the diet. This change in resource availability causes a sharp decrease in the taxonomic richness of the microbiota due to the loss of rare taxa (p = 2.06e-9), although the number of core genera shared by all infants increases substantially. Moreover, although the gut microbial succession is not strictly deterministic, we detect an overarching directionality of change through time towards the taxonomic and functional composition of the maternal microbiota. Succession is however not complete by the one year mark, as significant differences remain between one-year-olds and their mothers in terms of taxonomic (p = 0.009) and functional (p = 0.004) microbiota composition, and in taxonomic richness (p = 2.76e-37) and diversity (p = 0.016). Our results also indicate that the taxonomic composition of the microbiota shapes its functional capacities. Therefore, the observed inter-individual variability in taxonomic composition during succession is not fully compensated by functional equivalence among bacterial genera and may have important physiological consequences. Finally, network analyses suggest that positive interactions among core genera during community assembly contribute to ensure their permanence within the gut, and highlight an expansion of complexity in the interactions network as the core of taxa shared by all infants grows following the introduction of solid foods. © 2014 Vallès et al.This work has been supported by the Spanish MICINN (project SAF2009-13032-C02-02 and project CSD2009-00006 of the CONSOLIDER program). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer Reviewe

Active methodologies in the university and their relationship with teaching approaches

La entrada de la universidad en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior supuso muchas reformas, entre ellas las metodológicas, en busca de una mayor participación y responsabilidad del alumnado en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los objetivos de esta investigación, fueron conocer los métodos didácticos activos más conocidos y empleados por el profesorado universitario, así como la influencia de los enfoques de enseñanza de los docentes en estos métodos. Mediante un diseño ex post facto, los instrumentos empleados fueron dos cuestionarios, uno de elaboración propia y el cuestionario ATI (2004) en una muestra de 501 docentes de las tres universidades de la Región de Murcia. Los resultados mostraron que el profesorado que más métodos activos conoce son los que finalmente más los utilizan. Aunque el método más utilizado y conocido sigue siendo la lección magistral, hay otros activos como el trabajo cooperativo, estudio de casos y la resolución de problemas y ejercicios que también obtuvieron medias bastante altas. Además, los docentes con mayores puntuaciones en el enfoque centrado en el alumnado, son los que más conocen los métodos activos expuestos, así mismo, usaban más el trabajo cooperativo, trabajo por proyectos, estudio de casos, ABP y contrato de aprendizaje y menos la lección magistral. De esta manera, queda evidenciado que los cambios promovidos se están llevado a cabo y, que la formación docente tiene una influencia directa en la mejora de las prácticas educativas.The university's entry into the European Higher Education Area involved many reforms, including methodological ones, in search of greater participation and responsibility of students in the teachinglearning process. The main purpose of this research were to recognise the active teaching methods best known and used by university professors, and the influence of teaching approaches of teachers in these methods. Through an ex post facto design were used two questionnaires, one of self-design and the ATI questionnaire (2004) too, in a sample of 501 teachers from the three universities in the Region of Murcia. The results showed that teachers who know methods that are more active are the ones who use such methods the most. Although the standard and best-known method is still the master lesson, there are other assets such as cooperative learning, case studies and problem solving, with other exercises also obtaining quite high means. In addition, teachers with the highest scores in the student-centered approach are the ones who know the aforementioned active methods, and likewise, they used more cooperative learning, project-based learning, case studies, ABP and learning contract with the master lesson to a lesser extent. In this way, it is clear that the promoted changes are being carried out and that teacher training has a direct influence on the improvement of educational practices

Reconfigurable reflective arrayed waveguide grating using optimization algorithms

[EN] In this paper we report the experimental realization of a reconfigurable reflective arrayed waveguide grating on silicon nitride technology, using optimization algorithms borrowed from machine learning applications. A dozen of band-shape responses, as well as a spectral resolution change, are demonstrated in the optical telecom C-band, alongside a proof of operation of the same device in the O-band. In the context of programmable and reconfigurable integrated photonics, this building block supports multi-wavelength/band spectral shaping of optical signals that can serve to multiple applications.Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Industrial doctorate grant DI-15-08031, PID2019110877GB-I00 BHYSINPICS, TEC2016-80385-P SINXPECT); H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (Training Network MICROCOMB (GA 812818)); Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/103).Fernández, J.; Felip, J.; Gargallo, B.; Doménech, JD.; Pastor Abellán, D.; Domínguez-Horna, C.; Muñoz Muñoz, P. (2020). Reconfigurable reflective arrayed waveguide grating using optimization algorithms. Optics Express. 28(21):31446-31456. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.404267S3144631456282

Spatial Analysis of the Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease and Drinking Water Hardness

Previously published scientific papers have reported a negative correlation between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. Some ecologic and case–control studies suggest the protective effect of calcium and magnesium concentration in drinking water. In this article we present an analysis of this protective relationship in 538 municipalities of Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) from 1991–1998. We used the Spanish version of the Rapid Inquiry Facility (RIF) developed under the European Environment and Health Information System (EUROHEIS) research project. The strategy of analysis used in our study conforms to the exploratory nature of the RIF that is used as a tool to obtain quick and flexible insight into epidemiologic surveillance problems. This article describes the use of the RIF to explore possible associations between disease indicators and environmental factors. We used exposure analysis to assess the effect of both protective factors—calcium and magnesium—on mortality from cerebrovascular (ICD-9 430–438) and ischemic heart (ICD-9 410–414) diseases. This study provides statistical evidence of the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular diseases and hardness of drinking water. This relationship is stronger in cerebrovascular disease than in ischemic heart disease, is more pronounced for women than for men, and is more apparent with magnesium than with calcium concentration levels. Nevertheless, the protective nature of these two factors is not clearly established. Our results suggest the possibility of protectiveness but cannot be claimed as conclusive. The weak effects of these covariates make it difficult to separate them from the influence of socioeconomic and environmental factors. We have also performed disease mapping of standardized mortality ratios to detect clusters of municipalities with high risk. Further standardization by levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water shows changes in the maps when we remove the effect of these covariates

VME indicator species collected during exploratory fishing in Macaronesian seamounts

During the second half of 2012, the longline vessel MARANSA completed 13 fishing trips in international waters of CECAF Area (Division FAO 34), in nine Seamounts from northeast off Madeira (Lion, Ampere, Unicorn, Seine, “Camaguay”, “Cabezos”, Dacia and “Fantasma”) to south off the Canary Islands (Eco/Endeavour), between latitudes 19°N and 35°N, using bottom longlines. The main target species were demersal species such as Wreckfish (Polyprion americanus) or Splendidalfonsino (Beryx splendens). An observer on board recorded the bycatch of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VME) indicator species in order to evaluate the potential adverse impact of bottom fishing activities on VME and samples of the specimens for later identification in the laboratory were stored. The main indicator species found were cold-water corals (black corals, scleractinians and gorgonians) and sponges, species broadly associated with seamounts. The shallower banks, Ampere and Dacia in the north and centre of the area, show the greater biodiversity and the higher percentage of presence of VME indicator species (52% and 53% of the sets respectively), followed by Endeavour (South of the Canary Islands), 36.4%. In these three banks the species distribution is strongly related to depth, finding Antipatharia (mainly Stichopathes sp) and Scleractinia (Dendrophyllia cornigera and D. ramea) in shallower depths and Porifera (Neophryssospongia nolitangere, Leiodermatium lynceus and Asconema setubalense) in deeper bottoms. Species of the Porifera group are present in all banks except of so-called ”Cabezos”

Eliminación de contaminantes emergentes en aguas residuales mediante oxidación avanzada con ozono y ultrasonidos

Algunos contaminantes emergentes, principalmente fármacos de diferentes clases así como drogas de abuso, pueden estar presentes en las aguas residuales urbanas, no siendo posible su eliminación mediante las técnicas convencionales de depuración. Se ha realizado un estudio en planta piloto en dos estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales (EDAR), Font de la Pedra (Muro de Alcoy) y Molina de Segura (Murcia), con el fin de determinar la eficacia de eliminación de ciertos contaminantes emergentes mediante un tratamiento terciario de oxidación avanzada con ozono.Removal of emerging pollutants in sewage water subjected to advanced oxidation with ozone and ultrasound Emergent pollutants, mainly pharmaceuticals from different therapeutically classes and drugs of abuse, can be presents in urban sewage water, being not effective removed through conventional sewage water treatments. The objectives of this study, conducted at a modular mobile pilot plant in two different WWTP: Font de la Pedra STP (Muro de Alcoy) and Molina de Segura STP (Murcia), were the determination and the comparison between the removal efficiency of those contaminants through the conventional sewage water treatments, and with a tertiary treatment applied consisting on Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) based on ozone treatments, and ultrasounds

Deciphering the Role of Dipolar Interactions in Magnetic Layered Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit unparalleled anion exchange properties and the ability to be exfoliated into 2D nanosheets, which can be used as a building block to fabricate a wide variety of hybrid functional nanostructured materials. Still, if one wants to use LDHs as a magnetic building blocks in the design of complex architectures, the role played by the dipolar magnetic interactions in these layered materials needs to be understood. In this work, we synthesized and characterized a five-membered CoAl-LDH series with basal spacing ranging from 7.5 to 34 Å. A detailed experimental characterization allows us to conclude that the main factor governing the dipolar interactions between magnetic layers cannot be the interlayer spacing. Supporting theoretical modeling suggests instead a relevant role for spin correlation size, which, in the limit, is related to the lateral dimension of the layer. These results highlight the importance of cation ordering in the magnetic behavior of LDHs, and underpin the differences with homometallic-layered hydroxides.MAT2017-89993-RCTQ2017-89528-PMDM-2015-0538ERC-2014-CoG/ 647301CA15128Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit unparalleled anion exchange properties and the ability to be exfoliated into 2D nanosheets, which can be used as a building block to fabricate a wide variety of hybrid functional nanostructured materials. Still, if one wants to use LDHs as a magnetic building blocks in the design of complex architectures, the role played by the dipolar magnetic interactions in these layered materials needs to be understood. In this work, we synthesized and characterized a five-membered CoAl-LDH series with basal spacing ranging from 7.5 to 34 Å. A detailed experimental characterization allows us to conclude that the main factor governing the dipolar interactions between magnetic layers cannot be the interlayer spacing. Supporting theoretical modeling suggests instead a relevant role for spin correlation size, which, in the limit, is related to the lateral dimension of the layer. These results highlight the importance of cation ordering in the magnetic behavior of LDHs, and underpin the differences with homometallic-layered hydroxides

Guía y recomendaciones para la realización y presentación de evaluaciones económicas y análisis de impacto presupuestario de medicamentos en el ámbito del CatSalut

Avaluació econòmica de medicaments; Anàlisi d'impacte pressupostari; Catalunya; Economic evaluation of drugs; Budget impact analysis; Catalonia; Evaluación económica de medicamentos; Análisis de impacto presupuestario; CataluñaL'objectiu general d'aquesta Guia consisteix a presentar una proposta de recomanacions que haurien de seguir les avaluacions econòmiques (AE) i les anàlisis d'impacte pressupostari (AIP) de medicaments del Servei Català de la Salut (CatSalut).El objetivo general de esta Guía consiste en presentar una propuesta de recomendaciones que deberían seguir las evaluaciones económicas (EE) y los análisis de impacto presupuestario (AIP) de medicamentos del Servei Català de la Salut (CatSalut)