Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

EstimaÃÃo de curvas de indiferenÃa de acessibilidade urbana via modelos e krigagem

O processo de urbanizaÃÃo, crescimento das cidades e estruturaÃÃo urbana ocorrido nas Ãltimas dÃcadas nas grandes cidades brasileiras vem colocando a questÃo da acessibilidade como fator relevante na qualidade de vida da populaÃÃo. Neste contexto, analisar rigorosamente o nÃvel de acessibilidade e o bem-estar dos indivÃduos a partir do momento que deixam suas residÃncias atà o ponto de execuÃÃo de atividades ou satisfaÃÃo de consumo torna-se uma questÃo de grande importÃncia cientÃfica ainda pouco explorada de maneira rigorosa. Nesta dissertaÃÃo buscamos analisar e modelar acessibilidade considerando uma perspectiva teÃrica baseada na metodologia da maximizaÃÃo da utilidade e na estimaÃÃo de modelos economÃtricos. Para tanto, este estudo està dividindo em dois eixos de pesquisa: o primeiro, analisa a acessibilidade com o uso de modelos ordenados generalizados atravÃs de uma base inÃdita de micro dados geo-referenciados coletada na cidade de Fortaleza, Brasil. Os resultados mostram que variÃveis como renda, posse de automÃveis, distÃncia, entre outras, sÃo importantes para explicar a acessibilidade dos indivÃduos. O segundo eixo de anÃlise propÃe e desenvolve, de maneira pioneira, uma superfÃcie de utilidade espacial atravÃs de tÃcnicas de krigagem. Os resultados mostram que a distÃncia entre o domicÃlio e o ponto de destino possui uma relaÃÃo bastante heterogÃnea com a acessibilidade, revelando um padrÃo espacial influenciado pela desigualdade econÃmica da cidade. Esse resultado coloca em dÃvida suposiÃÃes simplistas tradicionais que assumem uma relaÃÃo linear ou polinomial entre distÃncia e acessibilidade.The process of urbanization, growth of cities and urban structuring in recent decades among large Brazilian cities revealed the issue of accessibility as a relevant factor in quality of life. In this sense, analyzing the level of accessibility and welfare of individuals from where they leave their homes up to the point of execution of activities or consumer satisfaction becomes a matter of great scientific importance, yet to be explored in rigorously way. Thus, in this dissertation we analyze and model urban accessibility considering a theoretical perspective based on the methodology of utility maximization and estimation of econometric models. Therefore, this study is divided into two lines of research. The first one analyzes the accessibility using generalized ordered models through a new geo-referenced micro data set collected in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. Our results show that variables such as income, car ownership, distance, and others are important for explaining accessibility of individuals. The second line of inquiry proposes and develops, in a pioneering way, a surface of spatial utility by means of Kriging techniques. The results point to the fact that the distance between home and destination has a very heterogeneous relationship with accessibility, revealing a spatial pattern greatly influenced by the prevailing economic inequalities all over the city. This result puts into question simplistic traditional assumptions that assume a linear or polynomial relation between distance and accessibility

Avaliação do método de autoexame ocular para a promoção da saúde

Objetivo Avaliar a prática do autoexame como uma ferramenta para promover a autoavaliação ocular. Método Estudo quase-experimental, desenvolvido em uma universidade do Piauí, com uma amostra de 324 estudantes, entre janeiro e maio de 2014, por uma equipe de 13 pesquisadores, os quais fizeram observações durante o autoexame seguido de uma triagem ocular. Resultados Não houve concordância sobre a hipótese de que o exame ocular poderia ajudar a observar a saúde do olho (p-valor>; 0,3), no entanto, foi considerado de fácil realização (99,7%), e que não só o médico pode realizá-lo (99,4%). A conscientização do cuidado com os olhos é identificada como o principal objetivo do uso da cartilha (97,6%), (χ2 = 186,01; p = 0,001). O resultado destaca que o material educativo pode ser utilizado no processo de ensino do autoexame ocular (84,6%). Embora a realização do autoexame não possa substituir a consulta com o oftalmologista (23,8%), (χ2 = 46,34), ele deve ser feito rotineiramente (82,4%). Conclusão Os resultados comprovam que o aprendizado por meio de uma cartilha virtual é possível, apoiando o autocuidado com os olhos através da realização do autoexame.Objective To evaluate the self-eye examination practice as a tool to promote the ocular self-evaluation. Method Quasi-experimental study developed in a university of Piauí with sample of 324 students between January and May 2014. A team of thirteen researchers made observations during the self-examination followed by an ocular screening. Results There was no agreement on the hypothesis of defense that the ocular exam could help to observe the eyes health, p-value>;0.3. However, the exam was considered as easy to accomplish (99.7%) and that not only the physician can perform the eye exam (99.4%). The awareness about eye care is identified as the main purpose of this booklet (97.6%), (χ2= 186.01; p=0.001). The results highlight the booklet can be used in the teaching process of self-eye examination (84.6%). Although the defense that its fulfilment can replace the consultation with the ophthalmologist (23.8%%) cannot be accepted (χ2= 46.34), the self-exam must be done routinely (82.4%). Conclusion The results prove that the learning through virtual booklet is possible and supports self-care with the eyes by performing the self-exam.Objetivo Evaluar la práctica del autoexamen como herramienta para promocionar la autoevaluación ocular. Método Estudio cuasi-experimental, desarrollado en una universidad de Piauí, con una muestra de 324 estudiantes, entre enero y mayo de 2014, por un equipo de trece investigadores, quienes hicieron observaciones durante el autoexamen seguido de un cribado ocular. Resultados No hubo concordancia acerca del supuesto de que el examen ocular podría ayudar a observar la salud ocular (valor-p >;; 0,3). Sin embargo, se consideró como de fácil realización (99,7%) y que no solo el médico puede llevar a cabo el examen ocular (99,4%). Se identifica la concienciación acerca del cuidado ocular como la razón principal para el empleo de la cartilla (97,6%), (χ2 = 186,01; p =0,001). El resultado subraya que el método educativo se puede utilizar en el proceso de enseñanza del autoexamen ocular (84,6%). Aunque la realización del autoexamen no pueda reemplazar la consulta con el oftalmólogo (23,8%), (χ2= 46,34), se debe hacerlo de rutina (82,4%). Conclusión Los resultados comprueban que el aprendizaje mediante una cartilla virtual es posible, sosteniendo el autocuidado con los ojos mediante la realización del autoexamen

Evaluation of the self-eye examination method for health promotion

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the self-eye examination practice as a tool to promote the ocular self-evaluation. Method Quasi-experimental study developed in a university of Piauí with sample of 324 students between January and May 2014. A team of thirteen researchers made observations during the self-examination followed by an ocular screening. Results There was no agreement on the hypothesis of defense that the ocular exam could help to observe the eyes health, p-value>0.3. However, the exam was considered as easy to accomplish (99.7%) and that not only the physician can perform the eye exam (99.4%). The awareness about eye care is identified as the main purpose of this booklet (97.6%), (χ2= 186.01; p=0.001). The results highlight the booklet can be used in the teaching process of self-eye examination (84.6%). Although the defense that its fulfilment can replace the consultation with the ophthalmologist (23.8%%) cannot be accepted (χ2= 46.34), the self-exam must be done routinely (82.4%). Conclusion The results prove that the learning through virtual booklet is possible and supports self-care with the eyes by performing the self-exam

Different susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae to plant-derived products

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are important vectors that transmit arboviruses to human populations. METHODS: Natural products were obtained and tested against larvae collected from the field in Fortaleza, capital of Ceará state. RESULTS: The essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum (Ae. aegypti LC50 = 32.7 ppm and Ae. albopictus LC50 = 138.1 ppm) and Croton nepetaefolius (Ae. aegypti LC50 = 81.7 ppm and Ae. albopictus LC50 = 76.1 ppm) showed the most intense larvicidal activity. CONCLUSIONS: The essential oils and methyl esters showed greater larvicidal activity than did the ethanol extracts

ELABORAÇÃO DE UMA FERRAMENTA DE REGISTRO E GESTÃO ELETRÔNICA DOS INDICADORES DO PROGRAMA DE GERENCIAMENTO DE ANTIMICROBIANOS EM UMA REDE DE HOSPITAIS DA SECRETARIA DE SAÚDE DE UM ESTADO DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

Introdução: O Programa de Gerenciamento de Antimicrobianos (PGA) requer a aplicação de instrumental que favoreça agilidade, acurácia e confiabilidade do registro dos dados, dado a alto volume de informações envolvido com esses pacientes. Objetivo: Implantar uma ferramenta de registro eletrônico para o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico eletrônico de antimicrobianos em um Hospital Universitário de referência no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Entre 2019 a 2022 a ferramenta foi desenvolvida com as seguintes etapas: 1) reuniões técnicas entre o time PGA, Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar e Área da Tecnologia da Informação para melhor entendimento do fluxo; 2) alinhamento dos processos de trabalho; 3) avaliação das necessidades e parâmetros a serem contemplados; 4) fase inicial de teste do protótipo do modelo; 5) treinamento dos envolvidos na tríade prescrição-emissão do parecer-dispensação e 6) divulgação e implementação do novo formato nas diversas Unidades de Internação do Hospital. Este estudo submetido ao Comitê de Ética com número de aprovação 3697674. Resultados: Após implantação foram analisadas 5.970 fichas do PGA. O instrumento de gerenciamento de ATM eletrônico foi setorizado em quatro macro seções. Estas, foram divididas quanto aos parâmetros que avaliam os dados sociodemográficos do paciente, os clínico-terapêuticos, os microbiológicos e as intervenções do PGA/intervenções farmacêuticas. Na sessão referente aos dados sociodemográficos tem-se 10 parâmetros como o nome completo do paciente, data de nascimento, idade e prontuário. Já nas variáveis clínicas foram contempladas 13 informações, como pode-se destacar o provável diagnóstico, os antimicrobianos em uso, com sua posologia e data de início do tratamento, além da indicação do ATM. Em relação à aba eletrônica dos dados microbiológicos resultaram em campos para culturas prévias, o microrganismo isolado e o seu antibiograma. Finalmente, na etapa final das intervenções, tem-se informações como o parecer do time operacional do PGA, bem como o desfecho de cada situação clínica pelo farmacêutico clínico. Conclusão: Portanto, entende-se que a ferramenta eletrônica de monitorização de ATM sistematizou o processo de documentação e registro. A informatização e a automação atuam como suporte estratégico para o Programa de Gerenciamento dos Antimicrobianos, otimizando os processos, armazenamento de maneira segura as informações e favorecendo o cuidado interdisciplinar