Study of Interaction of Laser with Tissue Using Monte Carlo Method for 1064nm Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser

Introduction: Liposuction using laser is now one of the most common cosmetic surgery. This new method has minimized the disadvantages of the conventional liposuction including blood loss, skin laxity and long recovery time. Benefits of the new liposuction methods which include less trauma, bleeding and skin tightening prove the superiority of these methods over the traditional mechanical methods. Interaction of laser with fat tissue has the vital role in the development of these new procedures because this interaction simultaneously results in retraction of skin layers and coagulation of small blood vessels so skin tightening and less bleeding is achieved.Method: Laser lipolysis uses a laser fiber inserted inside a metal cannula of 1 mm delivering the laser radiation directly to the target tissue. Laser lipolysis has a wavelength dependent mechanism, tissue heating and therefor thermal effects are achieved through absorption of radiation by the target tissue cells, causing their temperature to rise and their volumes to expand. We used Monte Carlo (MC) method to simulate the photons propagation within the tissue. This method simulates physical variables by random sampling of their probability distribution. We also simulated temperature rise and tissue heating using Comsol Multiphysics software.Conclusion: Because optimum and safe laser lipolysis operation highly depends on optical characteristics of both tissue and laser radiation such as laser fluence, laser power and etc. having physical understanding of these procedures is of vital importance. In this study we aim to evaluate the effects of these important parameters.Results: Findings of our simulation prove that 1064 nm Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) has good penetration depth into fat tissue and can reach inside the deeper layers of fat tissue. We see that this wavelength also resulted in good temperature rise; after irradiation of fat tissue with this wavelength we observed that tissue heated in permitted values (50-65°C), this is why this wavelength is widely used in laser lipolysis operations.  

Psychometric Properties of Barkley's Children and Adolescent Functional Performance Scale

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, reliability of the Barkley Executive(BDEFS.CA) Teaching and Performance Inventory (2012) in Mashhad. Method: This study is methodological and psychometric study, and uses IQOLA Standard Contracts to test and test Persian language. . For this purpose, multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 1000 primary school students (6 to 17 years old) in Mashhad in the academic year of 96-97 and 979 students completed the questionnaire. , 63 of them were asked to participate in the test two weeks ago. The reliability of the test was determined using Cronbach's alpha, 0.90. The split coefficient, with the test, was used to calculate the correlation coefficient of this test with the Coolidge test (Zahedi and Alizadeh, 2004) in a sample of 200 people. Results: In the judgmental phase, we conducted several local field studies and non-standard pilot administrations. For the statistical phase, the provided materials. In validity analysis, strong correlations were found among the majority of the scores within the tests; correlations between various (BDEFS.CA) tests were in the range of weak to moderate; the adapted tests show acceptable psychometric properties in assessing the complex, multidimensional construct of executive functioning. For the whole scale of executive functions and sub-components of self-management, self-organizing / problem solving, self-control / inhibition, self-motivation and emotional self-regulation, alpha coefficients are equal to 0.91, 0.85, 0.82, 0.78 , 0.76 and 0.72. Conclusion: which have almost high coefficients and represent the sustainability of the scale of executive functio

Chitosan-decorated and tripolyphosphate-crosslinked pH-sensitive niosomal nanogels for Controlled release of fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil

In the present study, 5-fluorouracil-loaded niosomal nanoparticles were successfully prepared and coated with chitosan and subsequently crosslinked by tripolyphosphate to form niosomal nanogels. The prepared niosomal formulations were fully characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, particle morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release profile. The prepared niosomal nanocarriers exhibited nanoscale particle sizes of 165.35 ± 2.75–322.85 ± 2.75 nm. Chitosan-coated and TPP-crosslinked niosomes exhibited a slightly decreased in particle size and a switch of zeta potential from negative to positive values. In addition, high yield percentage, drug encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading values of 92.11 ± 2.07 %, 66.59 ± 6.06, and 4.65 ± 0.5 were obtained for chitosan-coated formulations, respectively. Moreover, lowering the rate of 5-FU in vitro release was achieved within 72 h by using chitosan-coated formulations. All prepared formulations revealed hemocompatible properties in hemolysis assay with less than 5 % hemolysis percentage at their higher possible concentrations (500 µM and 1 mM). The cell viability by MTT assay showed higher anticancer activity against B16F10 cancerous cells and lower cytotoxicity toward NIH3T3 normal cells than control and pure 5-FU in the studied concentration range (10–100 µM). Investigating the cell migration inhibition properties of fabricated formulations revealed similar results with in vitro cell viability assay with a higher migration inhibition rate for B16F10 cells than NIH3T3 cells, controls, and free 5-FU