Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista

Ibicaba Farm, property of Senator Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro during the 19th century, was the subject of studies that focused on the experience with the sharecropping system. This article intends to undertake a revisit to Ibicaba through new lenses of observation. At first, it tries to insert Vergueiro's farm in the context of the changing World-economy of the first decades of the nineteenth century, and then highlight the importance of the spatial dimension of reality in this historical context. In the following two subitems, which constitute the core of the article, an analysis is made of the protocols - especially spatial - of control of the workers, used by the Vergueiros in order to extract the maximum of labor from slaves and sharecroppers, as well as the strategies that captives and immigrants used to escape from this surveillance. Finally, a brief recapitulation of the main points exposed and some considerations about the tensions that emerged in Ibicaba during the studied period are made.A Fazenda Ibicaba, propriedade do Senador Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro ao longo do século XIX, foi objeto de estudos que enfocaram a experiência com o sistema de parceria que ela abrigou. Este artigo pretende revisitar Ibicaba por meio de novas lentes de observação. Em um primeiro momento, buscar-se-á inserir a fazenda de Vergueiro no contexto de mudança pela qual a Economia-mundo passava nas primeiras décadas do Oitocentos para, em seguida, salientar a importância que a dimensão espacial da realidade cumpria nesse contexto histórico. Nos dois subitens seguintes, que constituem o núcleo do artigo, analisam-se os protocolos - sobretudo espaciais - de controle da mão de obra utilizados pelos Vergueiro, com vistas à máxima extração de trabalho de escravos e colonos, bem como as estratégias de que cativos e imigrantes lançaram mão para escapar dessa vigilância. Faz-se, ao fim, uma breve recapitulação dos principais pontos expostos e algumas considerações sobre as tensões que emergiram em Ibicaba durante o período estudado

Boletim OVIR, vol.1, n. 0, jun. 2022

O boletim OVIR tem como objetivo divulgar textos que tratem a respeito do complexo e multifacetado fenômeno da violência racial praticada por agentes institucionais.Editorial - Observatório da Violência Racial - OVIR, 2 / Palavras iniciais do OVIR sobre o genocídio negro, 6 / Resgate histórico do funk em São Paulo e sua criminalização através da “Operação Pancadão”, 14 / Nós, os Africanos, 26 / II Caminhada do Silêncio, 33 / Uma data - 13 de maio: dia nacional da denúncia contra o racismo, 41 / Memorial - Espaço dedicado à memória de vítimas de violência racial, 43 / Créditos, 4

Correlation coefficients of exams for DED in six, non-overlapping subgroups of patients.

<p>Spearman's correlation coefficient, *p<0.05.</p

Efeito do extrato da Passiflora edulis na cicatrização de gastrorrafias em ratos: estudo morfológico e tensiométrico Extract of Passiflora edulis in the healing process of gastric sutures en rats: a morphological and tensiometric study

INTRODUÇÃO: Muitas substâncias de origem vegetal são utilizadas desde os primórdios da civilização com finalidade de melhorar a cicatrização. Dentre elas, foi demonstrado em ratos que o extrato de folhas secas de Passiflora edulis tem efeito antiinflamatório. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do extrato de folhas secas de Passiflora edulis na cicatrização das gastrorrafias em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, machos, adultos, divididos em dois grupos de 20 denominados grupo Controle e grupo Passiflora (GP e GC) subdivididos em grupos de 10 de acordo com o momento do óbito, no 3º e 7º dias de pós-operatório. Todos os animais foram submetidos a laparotomia mediana, na qual foi realizada gastrotomia na parede anterior do corpo seguida da gastrorrafia com fio de polipropileno 6.0, utilizando-se quatro pontos separados, em plano único total. Os ratos do GP receberam na cavidade abdominal, antes do fechamento desta, solução de extrato de Passiflora edulis, na concentração de 250mg/Kg/peso, e os animais do GC igual volume de solução salina isotônica. Foram avaliados aspectos macroscópicos (grau de aderência de Knightly), pressão de ruptura por manômetro eletrônico e parâmetros inflamatórios microscópicos. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais demonstraram boa cicatrização da parede abdominal, sem sinais clínicos de infecção ou deiscência. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grau de aderências das gastrorrafias nos dois grupos, no 3º dia (p=0,734) e no 7º dia (p=1.000) e nem na comparação do aspecto da mucosa gástrica, no 3º dia e 7º dias (NS). As gastrorrafias apresentaram vazamentos com menor pressão de insuflação nos grupos de animais do 3º dia em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença significante de pressão de ruptura entre os subgrupos do 3&deg;dia (GC3=41,1&plusmn;22,1mmHg vs GP3=59,2&plusmn;20,4 mmHg; p= 0,074). No 7º dia houve maior média de pressão de ruptura, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (p=0,850). Eles, no 3º e 7º dias, não demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto à análise histológica, exceto em relação a proliferação fibroblástica no 7º dia, do grupo GP, que apresentou maior densidade de fibroblastos nesse período (p =0,002). CONCLUSÃO: O uso intraperitoneal do extrato de Passiflora edulis influencia favoravelmente a cicatrização das gastrorrafias em ratos pelo aumento da proliferação fibroblástica no 7º dia de pós-operatório.<br>INTRODUCTION: Many substances of vegetable origin have been used since the beginning of civilization with the purpose of improving the healing process. Among them, dry leaves extract from Passiflora edulis have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect in rats. PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of dry leaves extract from Passiflora edulis in the healing of gastric sutures in rats. METHODS: Forty male adult Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 20 rats, called Passiflora group (GP) and Control group (GC) which were divided into two groups of 10 according to moment of death, on day 3 or day 7 after the operation. All animals were submitted to a midline incision and a gastrotomy was performed on the anterior wall of the stomach followed by gastric suture with polypropylene 6.0 using four stitches on a single layer. Rats from GP were given, before closure of the abdominal wall, a solution of Passiflora edulis extract, 250 mg/kg/weight, while rats from the GC were given an isovolumetric isotonic saline solution. Macroscopic evaluation included the adhesion index proposed by Knightly. Bursting pressure was measure by an electronic device. Microscopic analysis was performed including inflammation parameters. RESULTS: All animals presented adequate healing of the abdominal wall with no clinical signs of infections or dehiscence. The adherence index was similar in both groups both on day 3 (p=0.734) and on day 7 (p=1.000). The gastric sutures presented leak with smaller insufflation pressure on the 3rd P.O. day in both groups as compared to the 3th P.O. day. There was no significant difference of bursting pressure among the subgroups on the 3rd P.O. day (GC3=41.1 &plusmn; 22.1 mmHg versus GP3=59.2 &plusmn; 20.4 mmHg; p=0.074). On the 7th P.O. day, there was an increased mean bursting pressure in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.850). Histologic parameters were similar in both groups, on P.O. days 3 and day 7, except for the fibroblastic proliferation, which was greater on the 7th day in GP (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: The intraperitoneal use of Passiflora edulis extract influences favorably the healing of gastric sutures in rats because of the increase in the fibroblastic proliferation on the 7th P.O. day

Citrus leprosis virus C infection results in hypersensitive-like response, suppression of the JA/ET plant defense pathway and promotion of the colonization of its mite vector.

Leprosis is a serious disease of citrus caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus) whose transmission is mediated by false-spider mites of the genus Brevipalpus. CiLV-C infection does not systemically spread in any of its known host plants, thus remaining restricted to local lesions around the feeding sites of viruliferous mites. To get insight into this unusual pathosystem, we evaluated the expression profiles of genes involved in defense mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus sinensis upon infestation with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites by using reverse transcriptase-qPCR. These results were analyzed together with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the appearance of dead cells as assessed by histochemical assays. After interaction with non-viruliferous mites, plants locally accumulated ROS and triggered the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways. ERF branch of the JA/ET pathways was highly activated. In contrast, JA pathway genes were markedly suppressed upon the CiLV-C infection mediated by viruliferous mites. Viral infection also intensified the ROS burst and cell death, and enhanced the expression of genes involved in the RNA silencing mechanism and SA pathway. After 13 days of infestation of two sets of Arabidopsis plants with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites, the number of mites in the CiLV-C infected Arabidopsis plants was significantly higher than in those infested with the non-viruliferous ones. Oviposition of the viruliferous mites occurred preferentially in the CiLV-C infected leaves. Based on these results, we postulated the first model of plant/Brevipalpus mite/cilevirus interaction in which cells surrounding the feeding sites of viruliferous mites typify the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response, whereas viral infection induces changes in the behavior of its vector