Socioeconomic Indicators Are Independently Associated with Nutrient Intake in French Adults: A DEDIPAC Study

Studies have suggested differential associations of specific indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) with nutrient intake and a cumulative effect of these indicators on diet. We investigated the independent association of SEP indicators (education, income, occupation) with nutrient intake and their effect modification. This cross-sectional analysis included 91,900 French adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Nutrient intake was estimated using three 24-h records. We investigated associations between the three SEP factors and nutrient intake using sex-stratified analysis of covariance, adjusted for age and energy intake, and associations between income and nutrient intake stratified by education and occupation. Low educated participants had higher protein and cholesterol intakes and lower fibre, vitamin C and beta-carotene intakes. Low income individuals had higher complex carbohydrate intakes, and lower magnesium, potassium, folate and vitamin C intakes. Intakes of vitamin D and alcohol were lower in low occupation individuals. Higher income was associated with higher intakes of fibre, protein, magnesium, potassium, beta-carotene, and folate among low educated persons only, highlighting effect modification. Lower SEP, particularly low education, was associated with lower intakes of nutrients required for a healthy diet. Each SEP indicator was associated with specific differences in nutrient intake suggesting that they underpin different social processes

Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals

An increasing variety of indicators of antimicrobial usage has become available in human and veterinary medicine, with no consensus on the most appropriate indicators to be used. The objective of this review is therefore to provide guidance on the selection of indicators, intended for those aiming to quantify antimicrobial usage based on sales, deliveries or reimbursement data. Depending on the study objective, different requirements apply to antimicrobial usage quantification in terms of resolution, comprehensiveness, stability over time, ability to assess exposure and comparability. If the aim is to monitor antimicrobial usage trends, it is crucial to use a robust quantification system that allows stability over time in terms of required data and provided output; to compare usage between different species or countries, comparability must be ensured between the different populations. If data are used for benchmarking, the system comprehensiveness is particularly crucial, while data collected to study the association between usage and resistance should express the exposure level and duration as a measurement of the exerted selection pressure. Antimicrobial usage is generally described as the number of technical units consumed normalized by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period. The technical units vary from number of packages to number of individuals treated daily by adding different levels of complexity such as daily dose or weight at treatment. These technical units are then related to a description of the population at risk, based either on biomass or number of individuals. Conventions and assumptions are needed for all of these calculation steps. However, there is a clear lack of standardization, resulting in poor transparency and comparability. By combining study requirements with available approaches to quantify antimicrobial usage, we provide suggestions on the most appropriate indicators and data sources to be used for a given study objective

Evaluation fo the colonizing ability on IPEC-J2 cells of the pathogenicity on Caco-2 cells of the 3 major French pig Salmonella serovars

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica is recognized as the etiological agent of Salmonellosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted in humans through contaminated food. In 2015, Salmonella s. p. was reported as the second bacterial agent responsible of gastro-enteritis in the European Union (EFSA, 2016). Pig consumption is considered as a major source of human Salmonella infections (Bonardi, 2017). Salmonella subspecies can be divided in 1530 serovars based on different epitopes and surfaces antigens. Associations exist between serovars and livestopchk species. In Pigs, in France, Salmonella Typhimurium, Derby and recently the monophasic variant of S. Typhimu-rium (vmST) are the most frequently isolated serovars (Denis et al., 2013; Kerouanton et al., 2013). The presence of monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium is also described in pigs in Europe (Bonardi et al. 2016)

Suplementos alimentares: consumo nacional estimado de vitaminas e minerais em 2012

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaGiven the impact of the consumption of food supplements in the health and wellness of consumers, the European Commission considered it important to know the marketing/consumption of food supplements, containing vitamins and minerals, in the different Member States. This dissertation appears as a first response to the objective of the Commission, to assess the national market of food supplements with vitamins and minerals in 2012. The study was based on the information given on 579 labels of food supplements containing vitamins and minerals, which were reported to DGAV in 2012, to be recorded and analyzed. The analysis allows us to observe that the marketing of food supplements is not considered of concern in relation to the values of the national population in 2012. The category of health and wellness includes a larger number of supplements and the micronutrients most found is vitamin C and magnesium. We also analyzed case studies and found that supplements have compositions that, associated with a common diet, contribute to an intake above the recommended daily dose, but below the thresholds of toxicity. Only vitamin B6, in the case of "Magnesium-OK", presents values that are more than double the tolerable upper intake level of this vitami

Expectations of risk assessors on the work of ICPPR in the context of a new regulation and a new guidance document

Concerns related to risk to honeybees due to exposure to plant protection products (PPP) have increased with time during the last years in public opinion. Based on these concerns, data requirements to address the risk for honeybees have been modified and completed in the latest regulation (Regulations 283/2013 [1] and 284/2013 [2]). Moreover, a new EFSA guidance document was developed in 2013 to address risks to honeybees, bumble bees and solitary bees [3]. Thank to scientific community, knowledge on effects of PPP on bees has also increased during the last few years, but the new data requirements refer to tests for which no guideline exist. The implementation of the EFSA guidance in the next future will also require additional testing to fulfil the requirements and address the risk for the species of concern. ICPPR has been ahead of many method developments related to risk assessment for bees. Its work in the framework of European risk assessment for PPP is still needed as scientific and specialized inputs are absolutely necessary to address new requirements and risk assessment schemes

Host plant range of a fruit fly community (Diptera: Tephritidae): Does fruit composition influence larval performance?

Background: Phytophagous insects differ in their degree of specialisation on host plants, and range from strictly monophagous species that can develop on only one host plant to extremely polyphagous species that can develop on hundreds of plant species in many families. Nutritional compounds in host fruits affect several larval traits that may be related to adult fitness. In this study, we determined the relationship between fruit nutrient composition and the degree of host specialisation of seven of the eight tephritid species present in La Réunion; these species are known to have very different host ranges in natura. In the laboratory, larval survival, larval developmental time, and pupal weight were assessed on 22 fruit species occurring in La Réunion. In addition, data on fruit nutritional composition were obtained from existing databases. Results: For each tephritid, the three larval traits were significantly affected by fruit species and the effects of fruits on larval traits differed among tephritids. As expected, the polyphagous species Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis catoirii, C. rosa, and C. capitata were able to survive on a larger range of fruits than the oligophagous species Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Dacus demmerezi, and Neoceratitis cyanescens. Pupal weight was positively correlated with larval survival and was negatively correlated with developmental time for polyphagous species. Canonical correspondence analysis of the relationship between fruit nutrient composition and tephritid survival showed that polyphagous species survived better than oligophagous ones in fruits containing higher concentrations of carbohydrate, fibre, and lipid. Conclusion: Nutrient composition of host fruit at least partly explains the suitability of host fruits for larvae. Completed with female preferences experiments these results will increase our understanding of factors affecting tephritid host range. (Résumé d'auteur