Pathomorphological effects of Alloxan induced acute hypoglycaemia in rabbits

Alloxan is one of the frequently used beta-cytotoxic agents for the induction of Type-1 diabetes mellitus in animal models and is the drug of choice in rabbits. Its beta-cytotoxic action results in a sudden release of insulin leading to severe hypoglycaemia and even mortality if glucose therapy is not given. In the present investigation the pathological effects of alloxan induced acute hypoglycaemia were studied in rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits, 1–1.5 kg body weight, were administered alloxan @100 mg/kg b.w., as a single intravenous dose. Blood glucose levels were monitored (0 h, 20 min, 1 h, and then hourly up to 5 h) and clinical signs noted. Rabbits dead due to hypoglycaemia were necropsied and histopathology performed. Severe histopathological changes were observed especially in the brain (neuronal degeneration and necrosis), kidneys (nephrosis, nephritis) and liver (hepatosis, hepatitis) and also, other organs. Histopathological observation of beta-cytolysis was suggestive that the drug induced hypoglycaemia is insulin mediated. It was concluded that acute hypoglycaemia causes severe pathological changes and the alloxan induced immediate hypoglycaemia if not managed in time, might exacerbate the pathological effects of hyperglycaemia in the induced diabetic models.Keywords: Alloxan hypoglycaemia; Pathology; Rabbit

ANALISIS DAYASAING DAN DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH TERHADAP KOMODITAS KAKAO PTPN VIII KEBUN CIKUMPAY AFDELING RAJAMANDALA BANDUNG

Cocoa is one of Indonesia's export commodities that potential to be developed because the world's cocoa consumption increases year by year. However, the national cocoa facing various problems, especially the quality is still low. PTPN VIII Cikumpay Afdeling Rajamandala is national plantation that produces cocoa with quality in national standards, so the objectives of this study are to analyze competitiveness of cocoa in PTPN VIII Cikumpay Rajamandala, to analyze government policy effect, to analyze the changing effect of productivity, price of cocoa, and exchange rates of rupiah against competitiveness of the cocoa. The methods of this research are Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis. The results suggest that cocoa from PTPN VIII Rajamandala have competitiveness because the value of Private Cost Ratio (0.92) and Domestic Resource Cost (0.95) less than one and the value of private and social benefits are positive. The value of NPCO (Nominal Protection Coefficient Output) indicates that government policy is support competitiveness of cocoa, but the value of NPCI (Nominal Protection Coefficient on Inputs) shows that government policy is not support competitiveness of cocoa. Sensitivity analysis indicates that productivity, the price of cocoa, and exchange rate of rupiah affect the competitiveness of cocoa in PTPN VIII Cikumpay Rajamandala. Therefore, to increase productivity and to anticipate price and currency fluctuations in world markets, there should be serious steps such as the role of the government by issuing policies that protect domestic producers so the Indonesian cocoa more competitive

Treatment of supra condylar fractures of humerus in children, a SKIMS medical college study

Background: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus account for sixty percent of all fractures around the elbow in children. Delayed presentation of these fractures is very common even in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical, radiological and functional results following closed reduction (C/R) and percutaneous pinning of widely displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus. An objective of this study was to study supracondylar fractures of humerus in children in Skims medical College.Methods: A total 86 patients with displaced extension type supracondylar fractures (gartland type III) of humerus were managed by closed reduction and percutaneous fixation at Skims medical college after achieving optimal and satisfactory reduction. There were 52 boys and 28 girls. Average age was 6.69 years (range 2-12).Results: A total 86 patients were successfully treated with C/R and cross pinning. 6 patients were lost to follow-up. 80 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months formed the basis of this study.Conclusions: C/R and pinning is effective method despite delayed presentation. Strict anatomical reduction and stable fixation minimises the risk of developing cubitus varus deformity

Understanding and simulating the material behavior during multi-particle irradiations

A number of studies have suggested that the irradiation behavior and damage processes occurring during sequential and simultaneous particle irradiations can significantly differ. Currently, there is no definite answer as to why and when such differences are seen. Additionally, the conventional multi-particle irradiation facilities cannot correctly reproduce the complex irradiation scenarios experienced in a number of environments like space and nuclear reactors. Therefore, a better understanding of multi-particle irradiation problems and possible alternatives are needed. This study shows ionization induced thermal spike and defect recovery during sequential and simultaneous ion irradiation of amorphous silica. The simultaneous irradiation scenario is shown to be equivalent to multiple small sequential irradiation scenarios containing latent damage formation and recovery mechanisms. The results highlight the absence of any new damage mechanism and time-space correlation between various damage events during simultaneous irradiation of amorphous silica. This offers a new and convenient way to simulate and understand complex multi-particle irradiation problems

Self-healing capacity of nuclear glass observed by NMR spectroscopy

Safe management of high level nuclear waste is a worldwide significant issue for which vitrification has been selected by many countries. There exists a crucial need for improving our understanding of the ageing of the glass under irradiation. While external irradiation by ions provides a rapid simulation of damage induced by alpha decays, short lived actinide doping is more representative of the reality. Here, we report radiological NMR experiments to compare the damage in International Simplified Glass (ISG) when irradiated by these two methods. In the 0.1 mole percent 244Cm doped glass, accumulation of high alpha decay only shows small modifications of the local structure, in sharp contrast to heavy ion irradiation. These results reveal the ability of the alpha particle to partially repair the damage generated by the heavy recoil nuclei highlighting the radiation resistance of nuclear glass and the difficulty to accurately simulate its behaviour by single ion beam irradiations

The Effects of Two Planning Interventions on the Oral Health Behavior of Iranian Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a planning intervention (specifying when, where, and how to act) and an implementation intention intervention (specifying the same in the format of an if-then plan) in increasing self-reported brushing in adolescents. METHODS: The study adopted a cluster randomized controlled trial design, and 1158 students in 48 schools were randomized to planning, implementation intention, or active control conditions. After baseline assessment, all participants received a leaflet containing information and recommendations on oral health and instructions on correct brushing behavior. After reading the leaflets, they were provided with a toothbrush and toothpaste plus a calendar in which to record their brushing. Participants in the planning condition and in the implementation intention condition also received instructions to form specific plans regarding brushing behavior. Self-reported brushing, perceived behavioral control, self-monitoring, intention, frequency of planning, oral health-related quality of life, and dental plaque and periodontal status were measured 1 and 6 months later. RESULTS: Both intervention conditions showed a significant improvement in the frequency of self-reported brushing, self-monitoring, frequency of planning, intention, perceived behavioral control, plaque index, periodontal health, and oral health-related quality of life compared to the control condition at both follow-ups. Comparing the two intervention conditions revealed that adolescents who received the implementation intention intervention had significantly greater improvement in the frequency of self-reported brushing, intention, frequency of planning, and periodontal health than those in planning condition. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the findings suggest that forming implementation intentions as well as planning has the potential to increase dental self-reported brushing rates in adolescents, but that forming implementation intentions has the strongest impact on dental hygiene behavior and is, therefore, recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The trial was registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT02066987) https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02066987

Normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need of a Peruvian university population

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on orthodontic treatment need in young adults have shown that up to 50% had malocclusions that needed orthodontic treatment. The aims of this study were to assess the normative and self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and to determine if the treatment need levels were influenced by sex, age and socio-economic status (SES) in a sample of Peruvian young adults. METHODS: 281 first-year students (157 male and 124 female students) with a mean age of 18.1 +/- 1.6 years were randomly selected and evaluated through the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) of the IOTN. Structured interview and clinical examination were used to assess the students. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: An intra-examiner reliability of 0.89 was obtained (weighted Kappa). The percentage of students according to SES was 51.2%, 40.6% and 8.2% corresponding to low, medium and high SES respectively. The percentage of students with DHC grades 4–5 was 29.9% whereas the percentage of students with AC grades 8–10 was 1.8%. There were no significant differences in the distribution of normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need based on sex, age and SES comparisons. CONCLUSION: Normative orthodontic treatment need was not matched by a similar level of self-perceived treatment need in these young adults. Sex, age and SES were non-significant factors associated with levels of treatment need

Epithelioma of Malherbe: new ultrasound patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Backround</p> <p>Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, or Pilomatricoma, is considered an uncommon cutaneous neoplasia, normally occurring in children as a solitary, firm, asymptomatic, hard, subcutaneous, slowly growing nodule on the face, neck, or proximal upper extremity. In literature, two Pilomatricoma ultrasound patterns are described: the totally calcified nodule and the hypoechoic nodule with internal calcific foci. High frequency ultrasound has not yet been applied for routine diagnosis of Pilomatricoma. The aim of the study was to retrospectively identify specific ultrasound features.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We retrieved 124 histologically Pilomatricoma cases: 28 patients with 32 lesions were preoperatively evaluated with ultrasound.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>22/32 have shown a solid formation, hypoechoic, with a sharp outline. Of these 22, 10 lesions were completely calcifying and 12 partially calcified. In 3/32 lesions with uncertain diagnosis, ultrasounds showed a complex/mixed pattern with pseudo-fluid areas and microspots. 7/32 lesions with US different diagnosis included 3 complex lesions, 2 cystic lesions and 2 solid nodular lesions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In addition to well-known ultrasound patterns (completely calcified and partially calcified) we identified three new, not yet described, patterns that constitute the 31% of the cases: complex, pseudocistyc and pseudotumoral.</p