Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network

Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research

Analysis of the impact of sex and age on the variation in the prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies in Polish population: a nationwide observational, cross-sectional study

The detection of antinuclear autoantibody (ANA) is dependent on many factors and varies between the populations. The aim of the study was first to assess the prevalence of ANA in the Polish adult population depending on age, sex and the cutoff threshold used for the results obtained. Second, we estimated the occurrence of individual types of ANA-staining patterns. We tested 1731 patient samples using commercially available IIFA using two cutoff thresholds of 1:100 and 1:160. We found ANA in 260 participants (15.0%), but the percentage of positive results strongly depended on the cutoff level. For a cutoff threshold 1:100, the positive population was 19.5% and for the 1:160 cutoff threshold, it was 11.7%. The most prevalent ANA-staining pattern was AC-2 Dense Fine speckled (50%), followed by AC-21 Reticular/AMA (14.38%) ANA more common in women (72%); 64% of ANA-positive patients were over 50 years of age. ANA prevalence in the Polish population is at a level observed in other highly developed countries and is more prevalent in women and elderly individuals. To reduce the number of positive results released, we suggest that Polish laboratories should set 1:160 as the cutoff threshold

Social participation type and career adapt-ability among young adults. The mediating effect of promotional and preventive regulatory focus

The aim of the presented study was to investigate the relationship between the career adapt-ability and the implementation of developmental tasks by young adults with regard to life orientation type, and to check whether self-regulation is a mediator in the relationship between life orientation and career adapt-ability. In total, 435 young adults (274 women and 160 men) aged 18 to 34 years were included (M = 23.76; SD = 3.37). The study used the Social Participation Questionnaire (Kwestionariusz Partycypacji Społecznej – KPS) by Brzezińska, Hejmanowska and Rękosiewicz, based on the theoretical approach to life orientation by Reinders, Bergs-Winkels, Butz and Claßen, as well as the Social Participation Self-Regulation Scale by Kolańczyk, Bąk and Brzezińska, based on Higgins, and the Polish version of the CareerAdapt-Abilities Scale-5 by Savickas and Portfeli (five-factor version by Nye and colleagues). This analysis was aimed at verifying the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The type of life orientation is significantly related to the type of social participation and career adapt-ability. It is assumed that a transitive orientation, as well as the assimilation and integration of social participation types, are positively associated with all dimensions of career adapt-ability, while the moratorium orientation, as well as the marginalization and segregation types, are negatively associated. Hypothesis 2: A significant relationship exists between self-regulation and the components of career adapt-ability: Hypothesis 2a: in the case of promotional standards, this relationship will be positive Hypothesis 2b: In the case of preventive standards, this relationship will be negative Hypothesis 3: A significant relationship exists between self-regulation and life orientations Hypothesis 3a: in the case of promotional standards, there will be a positive relationship with a transitive orientation and a negative relationship with a moratorium one Hypothesis 3b: in the case of preventive standards, there will be a positive relationship with a moratorium orientation and a negative relationship with a transitive one Hypothesis 4: Self-regulation mediates the relationship between life orientation and career adapt-ability. Due to the young age of the respondents, a significant mediation effect can be expected from promotional standards, because they are activated by the needs of growth and development and focus the individual on achieving positive results

Assessment of Service Life of HCM12 Steel After 100 000 Hrs of Service

The subject of the research was a material in the form of a ϕ38×4 pipe from HCM12 steel used for steam superheater coils in power boilers with supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam parameters. This article presents results of investigations of mechanical properties and microstructure of material of the examined tube in the as-received condition and after 100,000 h service at 585°C under creep conditions. Creep tests were carried out for the material after 100,000 h service to determine the disposable residual life. The impact of changes in mechanical properties and degradation of the microstructure on the loss of creep resistance compared to the as-received condition was assessed. The investigations have revealed that the examined steel after 100,000 h service meets the requirements for this steel in the as-received condition with regard to strength properties at room and elevated temperature. The creep tests have revealed a significant loss of creep resistance, which was estimated at around 60-70% compared to the as-received condition