Анализ расхода электрической энергии трамваем в зависимости от используемого типа световой сигнализации

In the XXI century, when environmental awareness is growing and the impact of human activity on the planet is more and more noticeable, striving to minimize energy consumption seems to be a necessary direction in the development of technology. This development cannot take place without an initial understanding and describing the relationships influencing specific technologies. It also needs empirical verification of assumed theories. Modern trams play an important role in the functioning of urban transport. Being one of the oldest modes of environmentally friendly transport, in European capitals they are currently perceived as one of the most convenient means of transport. This is due, among other things, to the high velocity of transport along the route. The energy consumed by trams indirectly depends on the driving characteristics, i. e. speed, acceleration and stops on the route, which are also caused by stopping at traffic light controlled junctions. This paper presents the results of an experiment showing the change in the level of electric energy consumption depending on the applied method of traffic light control. This article presents the conditions influencing the power consumption in trams, describes the possible strategies of traffic lights control and their consequences for other traffic participants. The research was carried out in real conditions in everyday traffic, measuring the level of electricity consumption in case of both fixed-time and actuated signaling with full priority for trams. On the examined section there were both modern asynchronous-drive as well as traditional resistor-drive vehicles. The conclusions drawn from the survey confirm the validity of introducing modern solutions and may be useful for estimating investment costs.В XXI в., когда растет общественное осознание важности экологических проблем, а результаты деятельности человека на планете носят все более заметный характер, стремление к минимизации расходования энергии представляется единственно правильным и необходимым направлением развития технологий. Это развитие не может осуществляться без предположения и описания зависимостей, влияющих на конкретные технологии, а также без эмпирических исследований, которые данные предположения верифицируют. Современные трамваи как первый вид экологического транспорта сегодня во многих крупных европейских городах считаются одним из наиболее удобных средств передвижения. Причина популярности современного трамвая заключается в скорости его передвижения по выделенным путям. Расход энергии при этом зависит от профиля движения трамвая по трассе, который во многом определяется количеством ускорений, торможений и остановок, в том числе на регулируемых перекрестках. В публикации представлены результаты эксперимента, целью которого был анализ изменения электрической мощности, требующейся трамваю для прохождения трассы, в зависимости от выбранного способа управления световой сигнализацией. Сформулированы условия, которые влияют на величину расхода энергии. Представлены возможные стратегии управления световой сигнализацией на перекрестках с участием трамваев и их последствия для прочих участников движения. Исследования выполнялись в режиме действующей транспортной сети в условиях рабочего дня. Была проведена регистрация количества расхода энергии для разных стратегий управления сигнализацией: с постоянным временем переключения, а также аккомодационной с максимальным приоритетом для трамваев. Исследования касались всех видов трамваев (как современных с асинхронным двигателем, так и с тяговым приводом), которые проследовали по выбранному участку трамвайных путей. Результаты исследований подтверждают обоснованность внедрения современных стратегий управления движением трамвая и могут найти применение в том числе при планировании новых инвестиций в развитие трамвайных маршрутов

Structure and magnetic properties of the amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy

Purpose: The main aim of the paper was to study the influence of heat treatment on changes of structure and magnetic properties of the amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy.Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe), static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge).Findings: The crystallization process involved by heat treatment leads to significant changes of phase composition and magnetic properties of amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy. The activation energy of this process was determined by Kissinger method, which yields Ec=3.0±0.2 eV.Practical implications: According to the results presented in the present paper the examined Co80Si9B11 alloy as a soft ferromagnetic material with high permeability may be utilized in construction of more inductive components and is of great technological interest

Crystallization kinetics of an amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy

Purpose: This paper describes crystallization kinetics and changes magnetic properties involved by process of crystallization Co-Si-B amorphous alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe) static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge). Findings: In this work has been performed influence of thermal annealing on crystallization kinetics and magnetic properties amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy. Practical implications: The attractive properties of Co-Si-B alloy are of special interest for basic research on the materials as well as for their potential applications, like magnetic sensors. The Co soft magnetic material is used in noise filters, saturable reactors, miniature inductance elements for abating spike noise, mains transformers, choke coils, zero-phase current transformers, and magnetic heads etc., i.e., devices which are expected to exhibit high levels of permeability at high frequencies. Originality/value: It has been shown that thermal annealing at temperature close to the crystallization temperature leads to a significant increase of the initial magnetic permeability

Hyperfine fields and magnetoelastic surface effects in Fe72Cu1.5Nb4Si13.5B9 nanocrystalline alloy

In this work hyperfine fields of two-phase nanocrystalline Fe72Cu1.5Nb4Si13.5B9 alloys were studied in order to verify the existence of surface effects. To obtain a series of nanocrystalline samples with small grains of different sizes, a special non- -isothermal annealing procedure of an initially amorphous ribbon was applied. In the case of samples with a significant amount of crystallites, a high field (about 27.5 T) component of continuous part of the hyperfine field distribution was found that could be attributed to boundary regions between the grains and rest of the sample. The existence of the surface effects was confirmed in the magnetostrictive experimen

Thermodynamics of String Field Theory Motivated Nonlocal Models

We investigate the thermodynamic properties of the nonlocal tachyon motivated by their nonlocal structure in string field theory. We use previously developed perturbative methods for nonlocal fields to calculate the partition function and the equation of state in the high temperature limit. We find that in these models the tachyons undergo a second order phase transition. We compare our results with those of ordinary scalar field theory. We also calculate the one loop finite temperature effective potential.Comment: 31 pages, 9 figure

Relationship between the Clinical Frailty Scale and short-term mortality in patients ≥ 80 years old acutely admitted to the ICU: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is frequently used to measure frailty in critically ill adults. There is wide variation in the approach to analysing the relationship between the CFS score and mortality after admission to the ICU. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of modelling approach on the association between the CFS score and short-term mortality and quantify the prognostic value of frailty in this context. METHODS: We analysed data from two multicentre prospective cohort studies which enrolled intensive care unit patients ≥ 80 years old in 26 countries. The primary outcome was mortality within 30-days from admission to the ICU. Logistic regression models for both ICU and 30-day mortality included the CFS score as either a categorical, continuous or dichotomous variable and were adjusted for patient's age, sex, reason for admission to the ICU, and admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. RESULTS: The median age in the sample of 7487 consecutive patients was 84 years (IQR 81-87). The highest fraction of new prognostic information from frailty in the context of 30-day mortality was observed when the CFS score was treated as either a categorical variable using all original levels of frailty or a nonlinear continuous variable and was equal to 9% using these modelling approaches (p < 0.001). The relationship between the CFS score and mortality was nonlinear (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Knowledge about a patient's frailty status adds a substantial amount of new prognostic information at the moment of admission to the ICU. Arbitrary simplification of the CFS score into fewer groups than originally intended leads to a loss of information and should be avoided. Trial registration NCT03134807 (VIP1), NCT03370692 (VIP2)

NrCAM, a neuronal system cell-adhesion molecule, is induced in papillary thyroid carcinomas

NrCAM (neuron-glia-related cell-adhesion molecule) is primarily, although not solely, expressed in the nervous system. In the present study, NrCAM expression was analysed in a series (46) of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) and paired normal tissues (NT). Quantitative reverse transcriptase (QRT)-PCR revealed that NrCAM expression was upregulated in all PTCs compared to normal thyroid, whatever the stage or size of the primary tumour. NrCAM transcript levels were 1.3- to 30.7-fold higher in PTCs than in NT. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed that the expression of NrCAM was considerably higher in tumours (score 2+/3+) than in adjacent normal paratumoural thyroid tissue. The NrCAM protein was detected in all but three (93.3%) PTC samples, and it was mainly cytoplasmic; in some cases there was additional membranous localisation – basolateral and partly apical. In the normal thyroid and tissues surrounding tumours, focal NrCAM immunolabelling was seen only in follicles containing tall cells, where staining was restricted to the apical pole of thyrocytes. Western blot analysis corroborated the QRT–PCR and IHC results, showing higher NrCAM protein levels in PTCs than in paired NT. The level of overexpression of the NrCAM mRNA in tumourous tissue appeared to be independent of the primary tumour stage (pT) or the size of the PTC. These data provide the first evidence that NrCAM is overexpressed in human PTCs at the mRNA and protein levels, whatever the tumour stage. Thus, the induction and upregulation of NrCAM expression could be implicated in the pathogenesis and behaviour of papillary thyroid cancers