Anatomy of coronary sinus ostium

Background: The coronary sinus is the main cardiac vein and it has become a clinically important structure especially through its role in providing access for different cardiac procedures. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 100 randomly selected adult human cadaver hearts fixed in 10% formalin. The transverse and craniocaudal diameters of the coronary sinus ostium (CSO) were directly measured. The presence of the Thebesian valve was noted and the anatomical details of the valve were documented in each case in terms of the shape and extent of coverage of the CSO. Results: Considerable variations in the diameter of the CSO were observed. The mean craniocaudal diameter of the CSO was 8.1 ± 1.51 mm, and the mean transverse diameter was 7.67 ± 1.72 mm. Heart specimens without Thebesian valve tended to have larger ostia. The mean craniocaudal diameter and the mean transverse diameter of the CSO were statistically larger in the specimens without Thebesian valves (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The Thebesian valves were observed in 86 hearts, and a wide variety of their morphology was seen. The majority of the Thebesian valves were semilunar in shape (74.42%). The extent to which the valve covered the ostium was variable, including remnant valves that covered < 15% of the CSO (35%), and valves that were large and covered at least 75% of the CSO (22.09%). In 3 specimens the valve completely occluded the ostium.

Morphologic characteristics of sacra associated with assimilation of the last lumbar vertebra

Background: The impact of lumbosacral transitional states on biomechanics of load transmission between the spine and the legs has been sporadically reported. The aims of the study were to identify morphostructural alterations of sacra associated with assimilation of the last lumbar vertebra and to analyse them in the light of their biomechanical impact. Materials and methods: Linear dimensions of sacrum, its body and base and articular surfaces were measured in 31 normal and 41 transitory sacra. Nineteen sacra presented articular and 22 osseous fusion of the last lumbar vertebra. Measured parameters were compared between normal sacra and the two variations of transitory sacra. Results: Sacra with articular fusion of the last lumbar vertebra showed more pronounced concavity of the sacral curvature and wider than long sacral bodies. The first sacral segment was modified, broaden, ventrally wider and elevated. Almost the whole segment bore at its sides auricular surfaces. Very small portion of the segment was non-articular with less pronounced wedging. Sacra with osseous fusion of the last lumbar vertebra showed similar concavity of the sacral curvature as normal sacra, but longer than wide sacral bodies. The ventral sloping half of the newly formed first segment bore auricular surfaces. The non-articular part was enlarged with pronounced wedging. Conclusions: The term “sacralisation“ includes both types of transitory sacra with mutually different morphostructural characteristics in contrast to the normal sacra. Analysis of these morphologic variations may help in understanding the different biomechanical properties and patterns of load transmissio

Salário de trabalhadores agrícolas: controle e aspecto analítico

The issues of organizing the accounting of payments with staff on wages at agricultural organizations, providing reliable and timely information to managers when making management decisions, deserve special attention because the interest of employees in the quality performance of their work depends on the policy in the field of labor payment Yes. The rational organization of formation of information on settlements with workers and employees and an effective personnel policy is one of the objects of internal control of the organization. Formed information in the accounting system on the debt of the economic entity to its employees must be reliable since it is not only the basis for making managerial decisions but also enters into the array of analytical data of the Federal State Statistics Service. The article analyzes the current state of wages of agricultural workers. The analysis of nominal and real wages of workers in Russia as a whole for the last six years has been carried out. The specifics of wage formation in the agricultural sector are revealed: its features and shortcomings. As an improvement of the forms and systems of payment for agricultural workers, a transition to a grader form of payment is recommended. The stages of the introduction of a grader system into an agrarian enterprise are shown, as well as the algorithm for calculating wages according to the new scheme. To prevent possible mistakes in the calculations with agricultural workers in the transition to new wage systems, it is recommended to tighten the functions of internal control. For this purpose, the authors developed a program for internal control of payments with personnel for remuneration based on the criteria for assessing accounting reports and the sectoral specifics of agriculture. The article is of a practical-oriented nature and will be useful not only for students in the field of Economics but also for heads of structural units, practicing accountants, auditors.Los temas relacionados con la organización de la contabilidad de pagos con el personal sobre salarios en las organizaciones agrícolas, el suministro de información confiable y oportuna a los gerentes al tomar decisiones de gestión, merecen especial atención porque el interés de los empleados en el desempeño de la calidad de su trabajo depende de la política en el campo de pago de mano de obra. El artículo analiza el estado actual de los salarios de los trabajadores agrícolas. Se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de los salarios nominales y reales de los trabajadores en el conjunto de Rusia durante los últimos seis años. Se revelan los aspectos específicos de la formación salarial en el sector agrícola: sus características y defectos. Como una mejora de las formas y sistemas de pago para los trabajadores agrícolas, se recomienda una transición a una forma de pago de grado. Se muestran las etapas de la introducción de un sistema de grado en una empresa agraria, así como el algoritmo para calcular los salarios de acuerdo con el nuevo esquema. Para evitar posibles errores en los cálculos con trabajadores agrícolas en la transición a nuevos sistemas salariales, se recomienda reforzar las funciones de control interno. Para este propósito, los autores desarrollaron un programa para el control interno de pagos con personal por remuneración basado en los criterios para evaluar los informes contables y los aspectos específicos del sector de la agricultura. El artículo es de naturaleza práctica y será útil no solo para estudiantes en el campo de Economía, sino también para jefes de unidades estructurales, contadores en ejercicio y auditores.As questões relacionadas à organização da contabilização de pagamentos com o pessoal sobre salários nas organizações agrícolas, o fornecimento de informações confiáveis e oportunas aos gestores na tomada de decisões gerenciais, merecem especial atenção, pois o interesse dos empregados na realização de ações A qualidade de seu trabalho depende da política no campo do pagamento de mão-de-obra, que analisa o estado atual dos salários dos trabalhadores rurais. A análise dos salários nominais e reais dos trabalhadores em toda a Rússia durante os últimos seis anos foi realizada. Os aspectos específicos da formação salarial no setor agrícola são revelados: suas características e defeitos. Como uma melhoria das formas e sistemas de pagamento para trabalhadores agrícolas, uma transição para uma forma de pagamento de grau é recomendada. As etapas da introdução de um sistema de graduação em uma empresa agrária são mostradas, bem como o algoritmo para calcular os salários de acordo com o novo esquema. Para evitar possíveis erros nos cálculos com trabalhadores agrícolas na transição para novos sistemas salariais, recomenda-se reforçar as funções de controle interno. Para isso, os autores desenvolveram um programa para o controle interno de pagamentos com pessoal remunerado com base nos critérios de avaliação dos relatórios contábeis e aspectos específicos do setor agrícola. O artigo é de natureza prática e será útil não só para estudantes no campo da Economia, mas também para chefes de unidades estruturais, contadores na prática e auditores

The effects of prolonged oral administration of gold nanoparticles on the morphology of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs

Currently, the usage of gold nanoparticles as photosensitizers and immunomodulators for plasmonic photothermal therapy has attracted a great attention of researches and end-users. In our work, the influence of prolonged peroral administration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with different sizes on the morphological changes of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs was investigated. The 24 white outbred male rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into groups and administered orally for 30 days the suspension of gold nanospheres with diameters of 2, 15 and 50 nm at a dosage of 190 μg/kg of animal body weight. To prevent GNPs aggregation in a tissue and enhance biocompatibility, they were functionalized with thiolated polyethylene glycol. The withdrawal of the animals from the experiment and sampling of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow tissues for morphological study were performed a day after the last administration. In the spleen the boundary between the red and white pulp was not clearly differ in all experimental groups, lymphoid follicles were significantly increased in size, containing bright germinative centers represented by large blast cells. The stimulation of lymphocyte and myelocytic series of hematopoiesis was recorded at morphological study of the bone marrow. The number of immunoblasts and large lymphocytes was increased in all structural zones of lymph nodes. The more pronounced changes were found in the group with administration of 15 nm nanoparticles. Thus, the morphological changes of cellular components of hematopoietic organs have size-dependent character and indicate the activation of the migration, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells after prolonged oral administration of GNPs

Physico-chemical foundations underpinning microarray and next-generation sequencing experiments

Hybridization of nucleic acids on solid surfaces is a key process involved in high-throughput technologies such as microarrays and, in some cases, next-generation sequencing (NGS). A physical understanding of the hybridization process helps to determine the accuracy of these technologies. The goal of a widespread research program is to develop reliable transformations between the raw signals reported by the technologies and individual molecular concentrations from an ensemble of nucleic acids. This research has inputs from many areas, from bioinformatics and biostatistics, to theoretical and experimental biochemistry and biophysics, to computer simulations. A group of leading researchers met in Ploen Germany in 2011 to discuss present knowledge and limitations of our physico-chemical understanding of high-throughput nucleic acid technologies. This meeting inspired us to write this summary, which provides an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches based on physico-chemical foundation to modeling of the nucleic acids hybridization process on solid surfaces. In addition, practical application of current knowledge is emphasized

Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA

We report the development of a novel quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor with the simultaneous measurement of resonance frequency and motional resistance for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The immobilization of poly(l-lysine) and subsequent complexation with DNA resulted in formation of a sensitive dsDNA-containing nanofilm on the surface of a gold electrode. Atomic force microscopy has been applied for the characterization of a poly(l-lysine)-DNA film. After the blocking with bovine serum albumin, the immunosensor in flow-injection mode was used to detect the antibodies to dsDNA in purified protein solutions of antibodies to dsDNA and to single-stranded DNA, monoclonal human immunoglobulin G, DNase I and in blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus. Experimental results indicate high sensitivity and selectivity of the immunosensor. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © Springer-Verlag 2007

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ РОССИИ: РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНЫЙ ЭКОНОМИКО-СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ И ПРОГНОЗ НА 2017-2018 го ды

This article covers the authors’ projections for 2017-2018 for the selected individual socio-economic and macroeconomic indicators of the real economy (first and foremost, indicators of primarily industrial production, agriculture, capital construction, other industrial complexes, as well as crucial industries and areas of activities in their composition) based on the analysis of time series of socio-economic development of Russia over the past 10 years. The paper presents a comparative analysis of Russian and global economic development trends in the GDP dynamics and other significant macroeconomic indicators. The authors also focus on the questions of implementation of the budgetary, monetary, industrial, investment policies, the role of which is becoming more and more essential amid the intensification of international sanctions and Russia’s counter-sanctions. In that regard, there are the characteristics of the actual and predicted GDP dynamics for the next year, real incomes of population, investment and consumer activity, internal and external trade turnover. The article reviews fundamentals that drive structural transformation of the economy, transition to a results-based management principle, implementing priority projects and state programmes, using project funding mechanisms, exports and imports of high-tech goods and services. Factors promoting macroeconomic development are considered.В статье на основе анализа временных рядов, отражающих социально-экономическое развитие России за последние 10 лет, представлены авторские прогнозы отдельных социально-экономических показателей, и особенно макроэкономических индикаторов реального сектора экономики (прежде всего промышленного производства, сельского хозяйства, капитального строительства, других отраслевых комплексов, а также важнейших отраслей и сфер деятельности в их составе) на 2017-2018 гг. Проводится сопоставительный анализ трендов развития экономики России и стран мира как на основе динамики валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП), так и по другим значимым макроэкономическим показателям. Авторы также акцентируют внимание на вопросах реализации политики в бюджетной, денежно-кредитной, промышленной, инвестиционной сферах, роль которой в обществе существенно усиливается в условиях ужесточения международных санкций и введения ответных мер со стороны России. В этой связи дана характеристика фактической и прогнозируемой на следующий год динамики ВВП, реальных доходов населения, инвестиционной и потребительской активности, внутреннего и внешнего товарооборота. Анализируются предпосылки, способствующие созданию условий для структурной перестройки экономики, перехода на программно-целевой принцип управления, реализации приоритетных проектов и государственных программ, использования механизмов проектного финансирования, экспорта и импорта высокотехнологичных товаров и услуг. Обосновываются факторы, способствующие макроэкономическому развитию

Phytocenosis biodiversity at various water levels in mesotrophic Lake Arakhley, Lake Baikal basin, Russia

Small lakes have lower water levels during dry years as was the case in 2000–2020. We sought to show the biodiversity of plant communities at various water levels in Lake Arakhley. Changes in moisture content are reflected in the cyclical variations of the water level in the lake, which decreased approximately 2 m in 2017–2018. These variations affect the biological diversity of the aquatic ecosystems. We present the latest data on the state of the plant communities in this mesotrophic lake located in the drainage basin of Lake Baikal. Lake Arakhley is a freshwater lake with low mineral content and a sodium hydrocarbonate chemical composition. Changes in the nutrient concentration were related to precipitation; inflow volume and organic matter were autochtonous at low water levels. The most diverse groups of phytoplankton found in the lake were Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, and Chrysophyta. High biodiversity values indicate the complexity and richness of the lake’s phytoplankton community. A prevalence of Lindavia comta was observed when water levels were low and Asterionella formosa dominated in high-water years. The maximum growth depth of lacustrine vegetation decreased from 11.0 m to 4.0 m from 1967 to 2018. Decreasing water levels were accompanied by a reduction in the littoral zone, altering the communities of aquatic plants. The hydrophyte communities were monodominant in the dry years and were represented by Ceratophyllum demersum. The vegetation cover of the lake was more diverse in high-water years and variations in the lake’s water content altered the composition of biogenic substances. These changes were reflected in the lake’s phytocenosis

Levetiracetam Reverses Synaptic Deficits Produced by Overexpression of SV2A

Levetiracetam is an FDA-approved drug used to treat epilepsy and other disorders of the nervous system. Although it is known that levetiracetam binds the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, how drug binding affects synaptic functioning remains unknown. Here we report that levetiracetam reverses the effects of excess SV2A in autaptic hippocampal neurons. Expression of an SV2A-EGFP fusion protein produced a ∼1.5-fold increase in synaptic levels of SV2, and resulted in reduced synaptic release probability. The overexpression phenotype parallels that seen in neurons from SV2 knockout mice, which experience severe seizures. Overexpression of SV2A also increased synaptic levels of the calcium-sensor protein synaptotagmin, an SV2-binding protein whose stability and trafficking are regulated by SV2. Treatment with levetiracetam rescued normal neurotransmission and restored normal levels of SV2 and synaptotagmin at the synapse. These results indicate that changes in SV2 expression in either direction impact neurotransmission, and suggest that levetiracetam may modulate SV2 protein interactions