A comparative analysis of organic farm and conventional farm

Bu araştırma; Samsun ili içme suyunun sağlandığı Çakmak Barajı etrafında organik üretimin yoğun olarak yapıldığı köylerde organik ve konvansiyonel tarım yapan üreticilerin farklı davranıp davranmadıklarının araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. İki üretici grubu bazı özellikler açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilerek, organik tarım yapan üreticilerin bir farklılık yaratıp yaratmadığı anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla; 2009 yılında Ağcagüney, Koldere, Eğridere, Gökçeçakmak, Kabaceviz, Şeyhgüven, Esençay, Porsuk ve Yukarı Aksu köylerinde organik tarım yapan 110 ve konvansiyonel tarım yapan 105 işletme ile görüşülmüştür. İşletmeler arazi büyüklüğü dikkate alınarak basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle tespit edilmiştir. Üretici analizlerinde Mann Whitney U Testi, t-Testi ve Oran Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre; organik ve konvansiyonel tarım yapan üretici grupları arasında toplam arazi varlığı ve aile reisinin yaşları açısından bir fark olmadığı, ancak ürün tercihlerinin farklı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Organik tarım yapan üreticilerin çiftçilik mesleğine daha fazla zaman ayırdıkları tespit edilmiştir. Konvansiyonel tarım yapan üreticilerin %74,3’ünün organik tarıma geçmeyi düşündüğü ve organik tarıma geçmeyi istemede en etkili faktörün; organik tarıma verilen destekler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Konvansiyonel tarım yapan üreticilerin organik tarıma geçmek istememelerindeki en önemli faktörlerin ise; organik tarımda yaşanan verim kaybı, organik tarım hakkında bilgi sahibi olmama ve pazara yönelik üretim yapmama olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Organik tarım yapan üreticilerin; teşviklerin yetersizliği, pazar yeri sıkıntısı ve organik tarımla ilgili teknik bilgiye ulaşma konusunda sorun yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; organik tarım desteğinin artırılması, yerel yönetimlerin pazar yeri temini konusunda üreticilere destek olması ve üreticilerin danışmanlık hizmetlerine rahatlıkla ulaşabilmesinin sağlanması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral differences of organic and conventional producer groups where organic production is concentrated in the villages of Samsun Çakmak Basin. Organic and conventional producers were analyzed in comparison in terms of some features to understand the diffrences of organik producers. So interviews were conducted with 110 organic farm and 105 conventional farm in Ağcagüney, Koldere, Eğridere, Gökçeçakmak, Kabaceviz, Şeyhgüven, Esençay, Porsuk and Yukarı Aksu villages in 2009. The farms were determined by simple random sampling method by taking into consideration of land size. Mann Whitney U Test, t-Test and Proportion analysis was used for producer data and logit regression analysis was used for consumers data. According to the results of the research, it was found that there is no difference between the land properties of organic and conventional producers. On the other hand the produce preference was found different. It was observed that organic farmers spend more time in their job compare to conventional farmers. 74,3% of conventional farmers are considering to change their operation to organic farming especially due to the insentive offered by the government. The most important factors those who do not want to change their operation to organic farming are yield lost by organic farming, lack of knowledge, not to produce desired produce for he market. Some of the problems of organic producers are insufficient insentives, market place and technical knowledge. These results suggest that insentive amount for organic farming should be increased, market place arranged and consulting services should be provided to the organic farmer

Optimal bundle formation and pricing of two products with limited stock

In this study, we consider the stochastic modeling of a retail firm that sells two types of perishable products in a single period not only as independent items but also as a bundle. Our emphasis is on understanding the bundling practices on the inventory and pricing decisions of the firm. One of the issues we address is to decide on the number of bundles to be formed from the initial product inventory levels and the price of the bundle to maximize the expected profit. Product demands follow a Poisson Process with a price dependent rate. Customer reservation prices are assumed to have a joint distribution. We study the impact of reservation price distributions, initial inventory levels, product prices, demand arrival rates and cost of bundling. We observe that the expected profit decreases as the correlation between the reservation prices of two products increases. With negative correlation, bundling cost has a significant impact on the number of bundles formed. When the product prices are low, the retailer sells individual products as well as the bundle (mixed bundling), when they are high, the retailer sells only bundles (pure bundling). The expected profit and the number of bundles offered decrease as the variance of the reservation price distribution increases. For high starting inventory levels, the retailer reduces bundle price and offers more bundles. The number of bundle sales decreases and the number of individual product sales increases when the arrival rate increases since the need for bundling decreases. Impacts of substitutability and complementarity of products are also investigated. The retailer forms more bundles, or charges higher prices for the bundle or both as the products become more complementary and less substitutable. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Estimating time-to-onset of adverse drug reactions from spontaneous reporting databases.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Analyzing time-to-onset of adverse drug reactions from treatment exposure contributes to meeting pharmacovigilance objectives, i.e. identification and prevention. Post-marketing data are available from reporting systems. Times-to-onset from such databases are right-truncated because some patients who were exposed to the drug and who will eventually develop the adverse drug reaction may do it after the time of analysis and thus are not included in the data. Acknowledgment of the developments adapted to right-truncated data is not widespread and these methods have never been used in pharmacovigilance. We assess the use of appropriate methods as well as the consequences of not taking right truncation into account (naïve approach) on parametric maximum likelihood estimation of time-to-onset distribution. METHODS: Both approaches, naïve or taking right truncation into account, were compared with a simulation study. We used twelve scenarios for the exponential distribution and twenty-four for the Weibull and log-logistic distributions. These scenarios are defined by a set of parameters: the parameters of the time-to-onset distribution, the probability of this distribution falling within an observable values interval and the sample size. An application to reported lymphoma after anti TNF-¿ treatment from the French pharmacovigilance is presented. RESULTS: The simulation study shows that the bias and the mean squared error might in some instances be unacceptably large when right truncation is not considered while the truncation-based estimator shows always better and often satisfactory performances and the gap may be large. For the real dataset, the estimated expected time-to-onset leads to a minimum difference of 58 weeks between both approaches, which is not negligible. This difference is obtained for the Weibull model, under which the estimated probability of this distribution falling within an observable values interval is not far from 1. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to take right truncation into account for estimating time-to-onset of adverse drug reactions from spontaneous reporting databases

Cerrahi Travma ve bakteriyal Translokasyonu

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Causes, Treatment, and Outcome in Private School Children Admitted to Emergency Department with Eye Trauma

Objectives: To analyze the causes, treatment, and outcome in the private school children admitted to emergency department (ED) for eye injury. Material and Methods: The recordings of 57 children with eye traumas were examined retrospectively. Examination, treatment, and follow-up files of the children were recorded. Results: The age of the 57 children varied between 8 and 16 years. The trauma causes were impact during playing in 35.1% (20) of cases, hit by ball in 31.5% (18) of cases, injury by paper objects in 7.1% (4) of cases, injury by pencil in 5.3% (3) of cases, and injuries by other foreign objects (glass, rubber, branch of tree, and racket) in 21.0% (12) of cases. Cornea erosion in 54.3% (31) of cases, conjunctival erosion and irritation in 19.2% (11) of cases, eyelid laceration in 8.8% (5) of cases, subconjunctival hemorrhage in 8.8% (5) of cases, eyelid edema in 5.3% (3) of cases, hyphema in 1.8% (1) of cases, and iridocyclitis in 1.8% (1) of cases were found. Repair of eyelid was performed in 3 cases. Conclusion: Eye traumas are very commonly seen in private school children. While most of the cases are simple injuries, significant problems such as lid lacerations that necessitate repair can also encountered in a few cases. A fast and efficient treatment usually minimizes the risk of sequel development. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2014; 44: 216-8

Adaptive streaming of multi-view video over P2P networks

In this paper, we propose a novel solution for the adaptive streaming of 3D representations in the form of multi-view video by utilizing P2P overlay networks to assist the media delivery and minimize the bandwidth requirement at the server side. Adaptation to diverse network conditions is performed regarding the features of human perception to maximize the perceived 3D. We have performed subjective tests to characterize these features and determined the best adaptation method to achieve the highest possible perceived quality. Moreover, we provide a novel method for mapping from scalable video elementary stream to torrent-like data chunks for adaptive video streaming and provide an optimized windowing mechanism that ensures timely delivery of the content over yanlş gibi. The paper also describes techniques generating scalable video chunks and methods for determining system parameters such as chunk size and window length. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease isolates from children in Turkey, 2001-2004

PubMedID: 16602003[No abstract available