Der Einfluss der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf ausgewählter Hilfskostenstellen von Molkereien - Abteilung Dampfversorgung

Die Kostenanalyse zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf von Hilfskostenstellen (Hilfsabteilungen) erfolgt mit Hilfe von Modellkalkulationen. Eine spezielle Form der Teilkostenrechnung ermöglicht die Zurechnung der Kosten nach Kostenkategorien (jahresfix, tagesfix, ggf. chargenfix und mengenproportional) auf die entsprechenden Kostenträger (z. B. Kälte, Dampf) der jeweiligen Hilfskostenstelle. Durch computergestützte Simulationen können die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Kosteneinflußfaktoren im einzelnen quantifiziert werden

El consumo de drogas en estudiantes de bachillerato del estado de Querétaro. En Observatorio Mexicano de Tabaco, Alcohol y otras drogas 2002 (2002). CONADIC, SSA. México. ISBN 970-721-090-7

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Análisis espacial y temporal de campos de dunas submarinas en la costa de Yucatán, México

The marine sedimentary deposits are a widely attended theme in the world because of its oceanographical, ecological, social and economical transcendence. Those deposits are part of very important sediment reservoirs on the coast that feed and protect sandy beaches, and are key habitat for several benthic species. On the coast of Yucatan (Mexico) there are conspicuous sedimentary deposits forming well structured and outstanding submarine dune swarms, close to the shoreline at the localities of Dzilam de Bravo, San Felipe and El Cuyo. The objective of this research was to assess the spatial disposition and inter-decadal movements of these dune fields. We used standardized satellite images analyses, validated with seismic profiles and a basic sedimentological description of the identified structures in the field. The dunes showed different magnitude position changes, with estimated net annual movement rates between 2.94 m year-1 and 10.83 m year-1, heading mainly northwest. The spatial disposition of these dunes was confirmed by the field data, the smallest dunes detected with the satellite images were 0.31 m high, conformed by medium, conformed by medium and fine sand sediments. It is suggested that the orientation of the shore line and wave incidence, jointly with the dominant currents in the zone, determine the formation of these sediment accumulations in the region. This evaluation presents an innovative and confident approach for the study of submarine dunes in shallow waters, using remote sensing incomes and standardized spatial analyses. These findings set basis for a systematic monitoring of these marine systems, and contributes with original information on the study and understanding of the coastal marine processes in Mexico.Los depósitos marinos sedimentarios son un tema de estudio ampliamente abordado debido a su trascendencia oceanográfica, ecológica, social y económica, ya que forman parte de los reservorios más importantes de sedimentos, alimentan y protegen las playas, y son el hábitat de numerosas especies bentónicas. En la costa del estado de Yucatán (México) existen campos conspicuos de depósitos sedimentarios que forman dunas submarinas bien estructuradas y sobresalientes en el litoral, aledaños a los puertos de Dzilam de Bravo, San Felipe y El Cuyo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la conformación espacial de estos campos de dunas y sus movimientos registrados en décadas. Para esto se utilizaron técnicas estandarizadas de análisis de imágenes satelitales, validadas con perfiles sísmicos del sub-fondo y un análisis sedimentológico básico para verificación de las estructuras identificadas en campo. Las dunas mostraron cambios en su posición de distintas magnitudes, estimándose tasas de movimiento anual neto de entre 2,94 m año-1 y 10,83 m año-1, en sentido dominante hacia el noroeste. La disposición espacial de las dunas fue confirmada por los datos de campo, reportándose el registro de dunas con alturas mínimas de 0,31 m con las imágenes satelitales, conformadas principalmente por sedimentos del tipo arena fina y media. Se sugiere que la orientación de la línea de costa, en conjunto con la orientación del oleaje y corrientes dominantes actúa de forma determinante sobre la formación de estas acumulaciones sedimentarias en la región. Este trabajo presenta una aproximación innovadora y confiable para el estudio de dunas submarinas en aguas someras con base en herramientas de percepción remota y análisis espaciales estandarizados. Los hallazgos aquí reportados sientan bases para el monitoreo sistemático de estos sistemas marinos, y contribuye con información inédita en el estudio y entendimiento de los procesos marinos y costeros en México

Demonstration of local adaptation in maize landraces by reciprocal transplantation.

Populations are locally adapted when they exhibit higher fitness than foreign populations in their native habitat. Maize landrace adaptations to highland and lowland conditions are of interest to researchers and breeders. To determine the prevalence and strength of local adaptation in maize landraces, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment across an elevational gradient in Mexico. We grew 120 landraces, grouped into four populations (Mexican Highland, Mexican Lowland, South American Highland, South American Lowland), in Mexican highland and lowland common gardens and collected phenotypes relevant to fitness and known highland-adaptive traits such as anthocyanin pigmentation and macrohair density. 67k DArTseq markers were generated from field specimens to allow comparisons between phenotypic patterns and population genetic structure. We found phenotypic patterns consistent with local adaptation, though these patterns differ between the Mexican and South American populations. Quantitative trait differentiation (Q ST) was greater than neutral allele frequency differentiation (F ST) for many traits, signaling directional selection between pairs of populations. All populations exhibited higher fitness metric values when grown at their native elevation, and Mexican landraces had higher fitness than South American landraces when grown in these Mexican sites. As environmental distance between landraces' native collection sites and common garden sites increased, fitness values dropped, suggesting landraces are adapted to environmental conditions at their natal sites. Correlations between fitness and anthocyanin pigmentation and macrohair traits were stronger in the highland site than the lowland site, supporting their status as highland-adaptive. These results give substance to the long-held presumption of local adaptation of New World maize landraces to elevation and other environmental variables across North and South America

Effect of the degree of porosity on the performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend membranes for lithium-ion battery separators

Porous polymer membranes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers, P(VDF-TrFE)/PEO, are prepared through the, from partial to total, elimination of PEO, leading to interconnected micropores in the polymer blends. Electrolyte uptake, thermal and mechanical properties depend on the amount of PEO present in the polymer blend. Further, the degree of crystallinity of PEO and the elastic modulus (E´) of the polymer blend decrease with increasing PEO removal. Electrical properties of the polymer blend membranes are influenced by the porosity and are dominated by diffusion. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity follows the Arrhenius behavior. It is the highest for the membranes with a volume fraction of pores of 44% (i.e, 90% PEO removal), reaching a value of 0.54 mS.cm-1 at room temperature. Battery performance was determined by assembling Li/C-LiFePO4 swagelok cells. The polymer blends with 90% PEO removal exhibit rate (124 mAhg-1 at C/5 and 47 mAhg-1 at 2C) and cycling capabilities suitable for lithium ion battery applications.This work is funded by FEDER funds through the “Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade–COMPETE” and by national funds from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, in the framework of the strategic project Strategic Projects PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2013, PEST-C/QUI/UI0686/2013 and grants SFRH/BD/68499/2010 (C.M.C.), SFRH/BD/90313/2012 (A.G.) and SFRH/BD/66930/2009 (J.N.P.). The authors thank funding from “Matepro–Optimizing Materials and Processes”, ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000037”, co-funded by the “Programa Operacional Regional do Norte” (ON.2–O Novo Norte), under the “Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional”(QREN), through the “Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional” (FEDER). JLGR acknowledges the support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO, through the MAT2013-46467-C4-1-R project (including FEDER finantial support). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the VI National R&D&i Plan 2008– 2011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions and financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund