7 research outputs found

    Social Interactions and Unemployment

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    This paper is concerned with social interactions and their importance for unemployment. A theoretical model is specified in which the social and psychological costs of unemployment depend upon the unemployment level. The theoretical analysis reveals social multiplier effects, and shows that multiple unemployment equilibria may emerge. Data on all 20- to 24-year-olds living in the Stockholm metropolitan area during the 1990s are used to test key hypotheses derived from the model. The focus is on the role of neighborhood-based reference groups, and the results support the theoretical predictions: unemployment levels vary more across neighborhood-groups than what would be expected based on variation in observable characteristics, and individuals' transition rates out of unemployment appear to be strongly influenced by the unemployment level within their neighborhood-based reference groups.Social interaction; social norms; social multipliers; unemployment

    The Web of Human Sexual Contacts

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    Many ``real-world'' networks are clearly defined while most ``social'' networks are to some extent subjective. Indeed, the accuracy of empirically-determined social networks is a question of some concern because individuals may have distinct perceptions of what constitutes a social link. One unambiguous type of connection is sexual contact. Here we analyze data on the sexual behavior of a random sample of individuals, and find that the cumulative distributions of the number of sexual partners during the twelve months prior to the survey decays as a power law with similar exponents α≈2.4\alpha \approx 2.4 for females and males. The scale-free nature of the web of human sexual contacts suggests that strategic interventions aimed at preventing the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases may be the most efficient approach.Comment: 7 pages with 2 eps figures. Latex file. For more details or for downloading the PDF file of the published article see http://polymer.bu.edu/~amaral/WebofContacts.html . For more results on teh structure of complex networks see http://polymer.bu.edu/~amaral/Networks.htm

    An approach to measure compliance to clinical guidelines in psychiatric care

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study was to measure six months compliance to Swedish clinical guidelines in psychiatric care after an active supported implementation process, using structured measures derived from the guidelines.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this observational study four psychiatric clinics each participated in active implementation of the clinical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of depression and guidelines for assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviours developed by The Stockholm Medical Advisory Board for Psychiatry. The implementation programme included seminars, local implementation teams, regular feedback and academic visits. Additionally two clinics only received the guidelines and served as controls. Compliance to guidelines was measured using indicators, which operationalised requirements of preferred clinical practice. 725 patient records were included, 365 before the implementation and 360 six months after.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analyses of indicators registered showed that the actively implementing clinics significantly improved their compliance to the guidelines. The total score differed significantly between implementation clinics and control clinics for management of depression (mean scores 9.5 (1.3) versus 5.0 (1.5), p < 0.001) as well as for the management of suicide (mean scores 8.1 (2.3) versus 4.5 (1.9), p < 0.001). No changes were found in the control clinics and only one of the OR was significant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Compliance to clinical guidelines measured by process indicators of required clinical practice was enhanced by an active implementation.</p

    Den fria leken - en studie av styrning och grÀnser. The free play - a study of governance and boundaries

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    VĂ„rt examensarbete handlar om styrning av leken samt pedagogers förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt till, ochtankar kring den fria leken. Studiens teoretiska utgĂ„ngspunkt har varit Charlotte Tullgrensavhandling om makt och styrning, Den vĂ€lreglerade friheten. I den empiriska delen anvĂ€ndsintervjuer med pedagoger samt observationer av barn under deras fria lek. Syftet med vĂ„rstudie har varit att undersöka vilken styrning som syns i den fria leken pĂ„ tvĂ„ förskolor och ien förskoleklass, samt vilken syn pedagogerna har pĂ„ den fria leken utifrĂ„n begreppetstyrning. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna vi har utgĂ„tt ifrĂ„n Ă€r:· Vilken syn har pedagogerna pĂ„ den fria leken?· Vilken styrning syns i den fria leken?Resultatet av vĂ„r undersökning visar att det förekommer mycket styrning av barnens fria lek.Leken styrs av mĂ„nga olika faktorer och frĂ„gan Ă€r om det överhuvudtaget finns nĂ„gon helt frilek? Pedagogerna har olika uppfattning om det. Vi har kommit fram till att det till stor del Ă€rkompisarna som pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt styr barnens val av lek. Det hĂ„ller ocksĂ„ pedagogerna med omoch de menar Ă€ven att det ibland Ă€r bra med nĂ„got barn som kan leda leken. Vi kan tillika seatt pedagogerna styr barnen mot det de anser Ă€r bra och att de ibland har svĂ„rt att tillĂ„ta lekarsom till exempel brĂ„klekar. Barnen Ă€r dock bra pĂ„ att försöka hitta frirum nĂ€r de vill vara ifredoch leka. Inrutningen av tid och rum Ă€r en annan faktor som har stor pĂ„verkan pĂ„ barnens lek.Detta anvĂ€nder pedagogerna ibland sig av för att undvika ”kaos” i rummen. HĂ€r inverkarocksĂ„ alla rutiner och regler som finns. Pedagogernas medvetenhet om hur stor del av barnenslek som Ă€r styrd varierar. I förskoleklassen anser pedagogerna inte att barnens eget val Ă€r styrtmedan pedagogerna i förskolan ser att det överhuvudtaget inte existerar nĂ„gon lek som Ă€r heltfri frĂ„n styrning. Genom vĂ„rt arbete har vi fĂ„tt större insikt i att den fria leken inte alltid Ă€r sĂ„fri som det lĂ„ter och kanske borde begreppet fri lek byta namn och definitivt diskuteras mera.Nyckelord: fri lek, förskola, förskoleklass, lekteorier, pedagoger, styrnin

    Den fria leken - en studie av styrning och grÀnser. The free play - a study of governance and boundaries

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    VĂ„rt examensarbete handlar om styrning av leken samt pedagogers förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt till, och tankar kring den fria leken. Studiens teoretiska utgĂ„ngspunkt har varit Charlotte Tullgrens avhandling om makt och styrning, Den vĂ€lreglerade friheten. I den empiriska delen anvĂ€nds intervjuer med pedagoger samt observationer av barn under deras fria lek. Syftet med vĂ„r studie har varit att undersöka vilken styrning som syns i den fria leken pĂ„ tvĂ„ förskolor och i en förskoleklass, samt vilken syn pedagogerna har pĂ„ den fria leken utifrĂ„n begreppet styrning. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna vi har utgĂ„tt ifrĂ„n Ă€r: · Vilken syn har pedagogerna pĂ„ den fria leken? · Vilken styrning syns i den fria leken? Resultatet av vĂ„r undersökning visar att det förekommer mycket styrning av barnens fria lek. Leken styrs av mĂ„nga olika faktorer och frĂ„gan Ă€r om det överhuvudtaget finns nĂ„gon helt fri lek? Pedagogerna har olika uppfattning om det. Vi har kommit fram till att det till stor del Ă€r kompisarna som pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt styr barnens val av lek. Det hĂ„ller ocksĂ„ pedagogerna med om och de menar Ă€ven att det ibland Ă€r bra med nĂ„got barn som kan leda leken. Vi kan tillika se att pedagogerna styr barnen mot det de anser Ă€r bra och att de ibland har svĂ„rt att tillĂ„ta lekar som till exempel brĂ„klekar. Barnen Ă€r dock bra pĂ„ att försöka hitta frirum nĂ€r de vill vara ifred och leka. Inrutningen av tid och rum Ă€r en annan faktor som har stor pĂ„verkan pĂ„ barnens lek. Detta anvĂ€nder pedagogerna ibland sig av för att undvika ”kaos” i rummen. HĂ€r inverkar ocksĂ„ alla rutiner och regler som finns. Pedagogernas medvetenhet om hur stor del av barnens lek som Ă€r styrd varierar. I förskoleklassen anser pedagogerna inte att barnens eget val Ă€r styrt medan pedagogerna i förskolan ser att det överhuvudtaget inte existerar nĂ„gon lek som Ă€r helt fri frĂ„n styrning. Genom vĂ„rt arbete har vi fĂ„tt större insikt i att den fria leken inte alltid Ă€r sĂ„ fri som det lĂ„ter och kanske borde begreppet fri lek byta namn och definitivt diskuteras mera. Nyckelord: fri lek, förskola, förskoleklass, lekteorier, pedagoger, styrnin

    Social interactions and unemployment

    No full text
    This paper is concerned with social interactions and their importance for unemployment. A theoretical model is specified in which the social and psychological costs of unemployment depend upon the unemployment level. The theoretical analysis reveals social multiplier effects, and shows that multiple unemployment equilibria may emerge. Data on all 20- to 24-year-olds living in the Stockholm metropolitan area during the 1990s are used to test key hypotheses derived from the model. The focus is on the role of neighborhood-based reference groups, and the results support the theoretical predictions: unemployment levels vary more across neighborhood-groups than what would be expected based on variation in observable characteristics, and individuals' transition rates out of unemployment appear to be strongly influenced by the unemployment level within their neighborhood-based reference groups

    Genetic and epigenetic associations of MAOA and NR3C1 with depression and childhood adversities

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    Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) harbours a polymorphic upstream variable-number tandem repeat (u-VNTR). The MAOA-L allele of the u-VNTR leads to decreased gene expression levels in vitro and has been found to increase the risk of conduct disorder in males with childhood adversities. Early-life adversities have been associated with hypermethylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). In this study, we first performed a genetic association analysis of the MAOA u-VNTR using individuals with depression (n = 392) and controls (n = 1276). Next, DNA methylation analyses of MAOA and NR3C1 were performed using saliva samples of depressed and control subgroups. Adult MAOA-L females with childhood adversities were found to have a higher risk of developing depression (p = 0.006) and overall MAOA methylation levels were decreased in depressed females compared to controls (mean depressed, 42% vs. mean controls, 44%; p = 0.04). One specific childhood adversity [early parental death (EPD)] was associated with hypermethylation of NR3C1 close to an NGFI-A binding site (mean EPD, 19% vs. mean non-EPD, 14%; p = 0.005). Regression analysis indicated that this association may be mediated by the MAOA-L allele (adjusted R 2 = 0.24, ANOVA: F = 23.48, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusively: (1) depression in females may result from a gene × childhood-adversity interaction and/or a dysregulated epigenetic programming of MAOA; (2) childhood-adversity subtypes may differentially impact DNA methylation at NR3C1; (3) baseline MAOA-genotypic variations may affect the extent of NR3C1 methylation.<br/
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