USING VIABLE SYSTEM MODEL TO ANALYSE INDONESIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGY

Indonesia’s fighting against corruption has a serious problem in relation to how to make all the institutions working together under a strong model. This paper uses the Viable System Model as a framework model for Indonesia’s anti-corruption measures. The model is used by author to understand the Indonesian anti-corruption parties’ measures in a single model, understanding the problems inherited to the agencies and giving solutions for them to improve anti-corruption measures for the effectiveness of the achievement of better Corruption Perception Index for Indonesia

Using the UK general offender database as a means to measure and analyse Organised Crime.

Purpose Organised Crime is notoriously difficult to define and measure, resulting in limited empirical evidence to inform policy makers and practitioners. This study explores the feasibility of identifying a greater number of organized crime offenders, currently captured (but invisible), within an existing national general crime database. Methodology All 2.1 million recorded offenders, captured over a four year period on the UK Police National Computer (PNC), were filtered across three criteria associated with organized crime (co-offending, commission of specific offences, three years imprisonment or more). The 4109 ‘organized crime’ offenders, identified by the process, were compared with ‘general’ and ‘serious’ offender control groups across a variety of personal and demographic variables. Findings Organized crime prosecutions are not random but concentrate in specific geographic areas and constitute 0.2% of the offender population. Offenders can be differentiated from general crime offenders on such measures as: criminal onset age, offence type and criminal recidivism. Research implications Using an offence based methodology, rather than relying on offenders identified through police proactive investigations, can provide empirical information from existing data sets, across a diverse range of legislative areas and cultures. This allows academics to enhance their analysis of organized crime, generating richer evidence on which policy makers and practitioners can more effectively deliver preventative and disruptive tactics. Originality This is the first time an ‘offence based’ methodology has been used in differentiating organised crime from other offenders in a general crime database

Theories, practices and promises: human trafficking laws and policies in destination states of the Council of Europe

With the rapidly increasing rate of migration – a by-product of a more globalised world – human traffickers have greater opportunities to exploit those who migrate to other States. A destination State can adopt one of two theoretical models when responding to human traffickers and trafficked persons: a criminal model and/or a human rights model. This dissertation examines whether international human trafficking law and destination States adopt a criminal or human rights model. Chapter 1 introduces human trafficking, describes the methodology and defines key terms. Chapter 2 establishes two theoretical models that a destination State can employ to regulate human trafficking. Chapter 3 discusses the development of international human trafficking treaties in the pre-human rights law era, from the 1880s until 1945. Chapter 4 discusses the development of international human trafficking treaties in the human rights law era, from 1945 until the present and analyses this period in terms of the criminal and human rights models. Chapter 5 uses a set of indicators to determine which model the six destination States have adopted. Chapter 6 draws conclusions

Understanding the role of sub-state entities in countering transnational terrorism : the case of transnational police cooperation practices

Ankara : The Department of International Relations of Bilkent University, 2010.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 2010.Includes bibliographical references leaves 272-289.This dissertation is an analysis of the role of sub-state entities in countering transnational terrorism especially in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, which emerged as an alternative option to the traditional security understanding basically shaped by nation states. Emerging practices and roles of sub-state entities in countering terrorism has been investigated to understand both their roles in the counterterrorrism field and their influence on nation states. Examination of a plethora of existing and newly emerging sub-state practices reveals that such entities have been taking growing roles in the counter-terrorism field, which were previously believed to belong solely to nation states and their relevant international instruments. More importantly, this dissertation proposes that nation states are also trying to adapt themselves to this new emerging counter-terrorism environment enriched by substate entities. In that regard, emerging new cooperative police initiatives present valuable examples.Yön, HasanPh.D

An assessment of the multi-disciplinary approach to investigate corruption in the South African public service

The aim of this study is to assess the multi-disciplinary approach in the investigation of corruption in the South African public service. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews conducted with members of the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation’s Anti-Corruption Task Team to gain a comprehensive understanding of their experiences regarding the effectiveness of the Anti-Corruption Task Team in the investigation of corruption within the public service. In addition, the researcher conducted a comprehensive literature study of local and international legislation to curb corruption, supplemented with various multi-disciplinary approaches employed internationally. Furthermore, various global Anti-Corruption Agencies were studied to comprehend their functions and efficacy. The findings of the research identified and described various impediments facing the Anti-Corruption Task Team’s effectiveness in investigating corruption within the public service. As a result, this study recommends the need to establish a single Anti-Corruption Agency with a comprehensive mandate to prevent, investigate, and educate on corruption, to critically safeguard the independence of the Anti-Corruption Task Team against political interference, as well as the allocation of adequate resources and budget for its effective operation. The research identified best practices globally to combat corruption, which can be used to amend the current anti-corruption practices to suit the South African public service. Consequently, this study contributes significantly towards effective anti-corruption investigation in the South African public service.Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše ke go lekola mokgwa wa go kopanya dikarolo tše mmalwa tša thuto go nyakišiša bomenetša ka ditirelong tša setšhaba tša Afrika Borwa. Data e kgobokeditšwe ka mokgwa wa dipoledišano tše di tletšego tšeo di dirilwego le maloko a Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša sa Ofisi ya Molaodimogolo wa Dinyakišišo tša Bosenyi bjo Bogolo go hwetša kwešišo ya maitemogelo a bona a go šoma ga Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša mo go nyakišišeng bomenetša mo ditirelong tša setšhaba. Go tlaleletše, monyakišiša o dirile dinyakišišo tše di tletšego tša dingwalwa tša peomolao ya gae le ya ditšhabatšhaba tšeo maikemišetšo a tšona e lego go fokotša bomenetša le mekgwa ya go kopanya dikarolo tše mmalwa tša thuto yeo e dirišwago ditšhabatšhabeng. Go tlaleletša, mekgatlo ya twantšho ya bomenetša bja lefase ya go fapana e nyakišišitšwe go kwešiša mešomo le mehola ya yona. Monyakišiši o utollotše le go hlaloša mapheko a go fapana go moholo wa dinyakišišo ka Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša mo bomenetšeng ka ditirelong tša mmušo. Ka lebaka leo, dinyakišišo di digela tlhokego ya go thoma mokgatlo o tee wa go lwantšha bomenetša wa taolela ye kgolo ya go thibela, go nyakišiša le go ruta ka ga bomenetša; go šireletša boikemelo bja sehlophatšhomo sa twantšho ya bomenetša le go thibela go tsenatsena ga dipolotiki; le go aba methopo yeo e lekanego le ditekanetšo gore e šome gabotse. Dinyakišišo di utollotše tirišo ye botse go feta ka moka lefaseng ka moka go lwantšha bomenetša, yeo e swanetšwego go mpshafatšwa go fihlelela dinyakwa tša ditirelo tša setšhaba tša Afrika Borwa.Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola inqubo ebandakanya amadisiplini ehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngenkohlakalo kwezezimali kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika. Idata iqoqwe ngokwenza ama-interview ajulile enziwe nabethimba elilwisana nezinkohlakalo kwezezimali, i-Anti-Corruption Task team lwabophiko lwabenza uphenyiso lobugebengu obukhulu lwe-Directorate of Priority Crime Investigation ukuthola ukuqondisisa okujulile ngezipiliyoni zabo ngokusebenza ngendlela enomphumela kwethimba le-Anti-Corruption Task Team ekuphenyisiseni ngenkohlakalo kwezezimali kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Nangaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi uye wafunda ngokujulile ngemibhalo yocwaningo imibhalo yemithetho yezwe kanye nemithetho yamazwe omhlaba enenhloso yokulwisana nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kanye nezinqubo ezihlanganisa amadisiplini ehlukene ezisetshenziswa kumazwe omhlaba. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ama-ejensi omhlaba alwa nezinkohlakalo nawo kwafundwa ngawo ukuqondisisa imisebenzi yawo kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi yawo. Umcwaningi waphawula kanye nokuchaza izihibe ezihlukene maqondana nokusebenza ngendlela enomphumela kophenyisiso olwenziwa ngabethimba le-Anti-Corruption Task Team kwinkohlakalo kwezeziali emkhakheni wabasebenzi bakahulueni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ucwaningo luncoma isidingo sokuthi kusungulwe i-ejensi eyodwa enamagunya ajulile okuvimbela, ukuphenyisisa kanye nokufundisa ngezindlela zokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali; ukuvikela ukuzimela kwethimba lokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nokuvimbela ukuthi ithimba lingaphazanyiswa ngabezepolitiki; kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemithombo eyenele kanye namabhajethi ukuze ithimba lisebenze kahle ngendlela enomphumela. Ucwaningo luphawule izindlela ezingcono kuwo wonke umhlaba zokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kanti futhi lezi zinqubo kumele zichitshiyelwe noma zihlelwe kabusha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika. Kanti-ke futhi emuva kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luthela esivivaneni kuphenyisiso olunomphumela lokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali okwenziwa kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika.Criminology and Security SciencePh. D. (Criminal Justice

Exploring the currency of violence in Serious Organised Crime (SOC)

Book Chapte

Corruption and Anti-Corruption

There is new international attention being given to the old problem of corruption. It has been taken up by international organisations, and driven by economic analysis. It is impatient of cultural justifications, and suspicious of state action. It is concerned with corruption prevention as much as detection, investigation and prosecution. Corruption and Anti-Corruption deals with the international dimensions of corruption, including campaigns to recover the assets of former dictators, and the links between corruption, transnational and economic crime. It deals with corruption as an issue in political theory, and shows how it can be addressed in campaigns for human rights. It also presents case studies of reform efforts in Philippines, India and Thailand. The book explains the doctrines of a well-established domestic anticorruption agency. It is based on research to develop a curriculum for a unique international training course on ‘Corruption and Anti-Corruption’, designed and taught by academics at The Australian National University, the Australian Institute of Criminology and public servants in the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption. Versions have been taught in Canberra, and several countries in South East Asia

A systemic integration approach to designing interagency responses to wicked problems

Wicked problems are open-ended, highly interdependent issues that cross agency, stakeholder, jurisdictional, political and geopolitical boundaries. This confounds governments because policies and budgets tend to be aligned within these boundaries and not across them, making it difficult to bring the appropriate talent, knowledge and assets into an interagency approach to tackling whatever wicked problem is at hand.Many governments realize the need for a ‘whole-of-government’ approach to tackling large complex issues, and have employed various methods to achieve interagency and other private/public partnerships. One approach is to employ experts (sometimes called Czars) who are in charge of specific policies and can coordinate input from across government and private entities. Other organizational approaches have focused on forming high-level committees and task forces made up of representation from stakeholder organizations. These approaches are intended to increase cross-government information sharing, identify best-practices, and generate reports that include recommendations to policy makers. However, the formation of these vehicles can be ad hoc and not designed holistically to handle the complexity of wicked problems where interdependencies abound and the perspectives and values of agencies and other stakeholders can often be in conflict. Other complaints about forming these ad hoc groups include the slow, long-term process required to build trust; one agency typically takes the lead, creating problematic power relationships when their own inevitably partial perspective starts to override the perspectives of other agencies; difficulties of reaching agreement on crosscutting agendas; too many meetings; inaction in the face of the above difficulties; and missed opportunities. The research described in this paper was conducted to develop and evaluate a new Systemic Intervention approach to designing interagency meta-organizations. The term meta-organization is used because it is important to note that this does not have to mean a new official bricks-and-mortar organization, but an organization nonetheless. The term “interagency” is sometimes used to mean this meta-organization. It is a multi-method approach that combines the viable system model (VSM) as the organizational design instrument with participatory problem structuring methods and boundary critique

The African Union and Intelligence Cooperation

The core research question is: how does intelligence and security services of Member States to the AU and established regional and continental security intelligence organisations collectively contribute to the implementation of the APSA? The study empirically reconstructs – descriptively, functionally and analytically – the mechanisms, magnitude and processes of intelligence cooperation at the regional and continental level within the framework of the APSA. In line with the above, the study answers these research questions: i. What are the contributions of the CEWS, as a form of open-source intelligence outfit, to the APSA? ii. What are the roles and contributions of CISSA to the AUC with particular reference to the APSA? iii. How does the Nouakchott and the Djibouti Processes contribute to implementing the APSA? Acknowledging that intelligence cooperation is strategically poised, the interest of this study is directed towards identifying, examining and evaluating established institutions and frameworks and their respective processes of intelligence cooperation. Thus, the study looks at the contribution of security intelligence towards the implementation of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) of the African Union (AU), and the thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the study and outlines the research problem, methodology, sources and materials. The second chapter provides an overview of the academic debates around intelligence cooperation. The third chapter empirically reconstructs the configurations of the APSA and conceptualise the function and service roles of each pillar in a descriptive, functional and analytical lens. Chapter 4 reconstructs the operationalisation and institutionalisation of the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) and further examine its methodology and how it aligns early warning to decision making and early action. Chapter 5 examined the roles and contributions of the Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa (CISSA) to the African Union Commission (AUC) with particular reference to the APSA. Chapter 6 provides extensive analysis and reconstruction of the operationalisation of the APSA through intelligence cooperation in the Sahelo-Saharan, East and Horn of Africa regions through the Nouakchott Process and the Djibouti Process, respectively, and the last chapter concludes the study by synopsising and reflecting on the research questions and outlining the significant contributions of the study.:Acknowledgements ii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix Chapter One 1 Introduction and Overview of the Study 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 State of the art 3 1.2.1 Global Intelligence Services 3 1.2.2 Intelligence Services in Africa 9 1.2.3 Intelligence Cooperation and the AU 11 1.3 Research Question 14 1.4 Research Design 15 1.4.1 Methodology 17 1.4.2 Methods 18 1.4.3 Sources and Materials 20 1.5 Organization of the thesis 21 Chapter Two 24 Intelligence Cooperation in International and Regional Organisations 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Intelligence Cooperation in International Organisations 25 2.3 Intelligence Cooperation in Regional Organisations 35 2.4 Intelligence Cooperation Typologies 44 2.5 Intelligence Cooperation Methodologies 47 2.6 Chapter Summary 49 Chapter Three 51 The African Peace and Security Architecture 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Structure of the APSA 52 3.2.1 Peace and Security Council 55 3.2.2 Panel of the Wise 60 3.2.3 Continental Early Warning System 67 3.2.4 African Standby Force 68 3.2.5 Peace Fund 73 3.3 APSA’s Strategic Priorities 75 3.4 APSA and RECs 80 3.5 Chapter Summary 84 Chapter Four 87 The CEWS, Intelligence cooperation and the APSA 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Intelligence Cooperation, Early Warning and the OAU 90 4.3 The PSC Protocol and the CEWS 97 4.4 The Operationalisation of the CEWS 100 4.5 The Institutionalisation of the CEWS 107 4.5.1 The Situation Room 107 4.5.2 The African Media Monitor 109 4.5.3 Africa Reporter 110 4.5.4 Africa Prospects 111 4.5.5 Indicators and Profile Module 111 4.5.6 The CEWS Portal 112 4.5 The CEWS Methodology 113 4.5.1 Information Collection and Monitoring 113 4.5.2 Conflict and Cooperation Analysis 118 4.5.3 Formulation of Options 121 4.5.4 Responses 123 4.6 Early Warning, Decision Making and Early Action 124 4.7 The CEWS and RECs 131 4.8 The CEWS and other Early Warning Mechanisms 134 4.8.1 Continental Structural Conflict Prevention Framework 135 4.8.2 African Peer Review Mechanism and Conflict Prevention 137 4.8.3 Horizon Scanning 139 4.9 Challenges to the CEWS 140 4.10 The Evolution and Future of the CEWS 146 4.11 Chapter Summary 149 Chapter Five 153 Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa and the APSA 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Genesis 154 5.3 Mandate, Vision and Mission 157 5.4 Objectives 157 5.5 Principles 162 5.6 Functions 163 5.7 Structures of CISSA and their Functions 164 5.7.1 The Conference 164 5.7.2 Panel of Experts 178 5.7.3 Bureau of the CISSA Conference 179 5.7.4 The CISSA Regions 180 5.7.5 Troika 182 5.7.6 The Secretariat 182 5.7.7 Specialised Technical Committees 187 5.8. Relationship between CISSA and the AU 188 5.9 The Intelligence and Security Committee \ CISSA Liaison Unit 189 5.10 CISSA and Regional Security Intelligence Institutions 196 5.11 Challenges to the performance of CISSA 198 5.12 Chapter Summary 210 Chapter Six 213 Intelligence Cooperation in the Nouakchott and Djibouti Processes, 2013-2021 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 The Nouakchott Process 216 6.2.1 Genesis 216 6.2.2 Inauguration 219 6.2.3 Implementation of the Nouakchott Conclusions 228 6.2.4 The Nouakchott Declaration 233 6.2.5 The Nouakchott Process vis-à-vis other Regional Frameworks 236 6.2.6 Post-declaration, Challenges and Prospect 237 6.3 The Djibouti Process 245 6.3.1 Background 245 6.3.2 Rationale 246 6.3.3 Establishment 247 6.3.4 Implementation Meetings 252 6.4 The Nouakchott and the Djibouti Processes 257 6.4.1 Joint Meeting 257 6.4.2 Points for Action 259 6.5 Past for the future in the present 261 6.6 Influence and Power Contestations 265 6.7 Chapter Summary 273 Chapter Seven 275 Conclusion 275 7.1 Introduction 275 7.2 Summary of key arguments 276 7.3 Contributions and suggestions for future research 286 8. References 293 8.1 Sources 293 8.2 Literature 303 8.3 Interviews 337 Assurance 33

A critique of South African anti-corruption strategies and structures : a comparative analysis

The ill-effects of corruption on the society, polity and economy of a country are far reaching. They have a corrosive effect on the rule of law, on governance and on the welfare of the society. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996, which is the supreme law of the country, places as an expectation and obligation on the government accountability of state, and a government free of corruption and the malignancy of economic nepotism. South Africa’s anti-corruption framework is designed as a control-based approach that is multi-faceted and executed through legislation, supporting regulations, audit trails, anti-corruption structures, law enforcement, and public vigilance and reporting structures, amongst others. Be that as it may, South Africa is battling the scourge of corruption and other self-serving behaviours, often amongst the upper echelons of governing power, as demonstrated by the State capture. Some of the acts of corruption stems from the very same institutions that are meant to be the upper guardians of law and order. Numerous corrupt practices occur almost daily, including but not limited to fraud, bribery, extortion, nepotism, conflict of interest, cronyism, favouritism, theft, fronting, embezzlement, influence-peddling, insider trading/abuse of privileged information, bid-rigging and kickbacks and money laundering. The list is not exhaustive. Based on the findings of this study, numerous recommendations and /or suggestions are made. The value of the study lies in the contribution it makes in South Africa’s fight against corruption to become comparable to countries whose corruption perception index is all time favourable, such as Botswana, Seychelles, Hong Kong and Singapore.Criminology and Security ScienceD. Litt. et Phil. (Criminal Justice