3,158 research outputs found
Identifying Geographic Clusters: A Network Analytic Approach
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the role of networks and
clusters in the global economy. Despite being a popular research topic in
economics, sociology and urban studies, geographical clustering of human
activity has often studied been by means of predetermined geographical units
such as administrative divisions and metropolitan areas. This approach is
intrinsically time invariant and it does not allow one to differentiate between
different activities. Our goal in this paper is to present a new methodology
for identifying clusters, that can be applied to different empirical settings.
We use a graph approach based on k-shell decomposition to analyze world
biomedical research clusters based on PubMed scientific publications. We
identify research institutions and locate their activities in geographical
clusters. Leading areas of scientific production and their top performing
research institutions are consistently identified at different geographic
scales
R&D, Within and Between Patent Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry
We analyse the consequences of the increasing complexity of R&D on within- and between-patent competition in the pharmaceutical industry. The intensity of competition
is measured by jointly considering the timing from market launch to patent expiry, the strength of between-patent competition as well as competition introduced by generic
producers. A simple model is proposed that predicts the shrinking of product lifetimes in the presence of correlated parallel R&D projects and market portfolios. The model is tested using data on pharmaceutical products sold in Europe and in the US. Based on our model we are able to estimate the impact of R&D complexity and relatedness
among R&D portfolios on the value of innovative drugs
Bibliometric Perspectives on Medical Innovation using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of PubMed
Multiple perspectives on the nonlinear processes of medical innovations can
be distinguished and combined using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the
Medline database. Focusing on three main branches-"diseases," "drugs and
chemicals," and "techniques and equipment"-we use base maps and overlay
techniques to investigate the translations and interactions and thus to gain a
bibliometric perspective on the dynamics of medical innovations. To this end,
we first analyze the Medline database, the MeSH index tree, and the various
options for a static mapping from different perspectives and at different
levels of aggregation. Following a specific innovation (RNA interference) over
time, the notion of a trajectory which leaves a signature in the database is
elaborated. Can the detailed index terms describing the dynamics of research be
used to predict the diffusion dynamics of research results? Possibilities are
specified for further integration between the Medline database, on the one
hand, and the Science Citation Index and Scopus (containing citation
information), on the other.Comment: forthcoming in the Journal of the American Society for Information
Science and Technolog
Global Competitiveness in Pharmaceuticals: A European Perspective
The report examines the competitive position of the European pharmaceutical companies and industries, and compares them with the pharmaceutical companies and industries in other parts of the world, particularly the US. Over the last two decades, the industry has experienced some important structural changes, mainly driven by technological and institutional shocks that have affected all the stages of its value chain. In turn, this has led to changes in firms' organisation and in market structure, within domestic markets, regionally, and globally. The main finding of the report is that the European industry has indeed been losing competitiveness as compared to the USA, although there are large differences and trends across European countries. As a whole, Europe is lagging behind in its ability to generate, organise, and sustain innovation processes that are increasingly expensive and organisationally complex. In fact, one conclusion of the report is that the relative position of the US as a locus of innovation in pharmaceuticals has increased over the past decade compared to Europe. All in all, the report claims that the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical industry is negatively affected by the persistence of insufficient degrees of competition and institutional integration, still centred on domestic and fragmented health care and research systems. Four sets of variables have been found to be relevant as sources of competitiveness and growth in pharmaceuticals: 1) The size and the structure of the biomedical education and research systems; 2) Some basic institutions governing labor markets for skilled researchers and managers, as well as corporate governance and finance; 3) Intellectual property rights and patent law; 4) The institutional settings in the regulation of health care systems and, moreover, the nature and intensity of competition on the final market. The data analysed in this report come from OECD, Eurostat, the European Patent Office, IMS Health and PHID (PHarmaceutical Industry Database) at the University of Siena
The Local Emergence and Global Diffusion of Research Technologies: An Exploration of Patterns of Network Formation
Grasping the fruits of "emerging technologies" is an objective of many
government priority programs in a knowledge-based and globalizing economy. We
use the publication records (in the Science Citation Index) of two emerging
technologies to study the mechanisms of diffusion in the case of two innovation
trajectories: small interference RNA (siRNA) and nano-crystalline solar cells
(NCSC). Methods for analyzing and visualizing geographical and cognitive
diffusion are specified as indicators of different dynamics. Geographical
diffusion is illustrated with overlays to Google Maps; cognitive diffusion is
mapped using an overlay to a map based on the ISI Subject Categories. The
evolving geographical networks show both preferential attachment and
small-world characteristics. The strength of preferential attachment decreases
over time, while the network evolves into an oligopolistic control structure
with small-world characteristics. The transition from disciplinary-oriented
("mode-1") to transfer-oriented ("mode-2") research is suggested as the crucial
difference in explaining the different rates of diffusion between siRNA and
NCSC
Supplementary data associated with the article "Testing the science/technology relationship by analysis of patent citations of scientific papers after decomposition of both science and technology"
Supplementary data associated with the article "Testing the science/technology relationship by analysis of patent citations of scientific papers after decomposition of both science and technology"
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