The Geographic Reach of Market and Non-Market Channels of Technology Transfer: Comparing Citations and Licenses of University Patents

The growth of high-technology clusters in the United States suggests the presence of strong regional agglomeration effects that reflect proximity to universities or other research institutions. Using data on licensed patents from the University of California, Stanford University, and Columbia University, this paper compares the geographic 'reach' of knowledge flows from university inventions through two important channels: non-market 'spillovers' exemplified by patent citations and market contracts (licenses). We find that knowledge flows through market transactions to be more geographically localized than those operating through non-market 'spillovers.' Moreover, the differential effects of distance on licenses and citations are most pronounced for exclusively licensed university patents. We interpret these findings as reflecting the incomplete nature of licensing contracts and the need for licensees to maintain access to inventor know-how for many university inventions. Such access appears to be less important for inventions that are non-exclusively licensed (e.g. 'research tools').

Innovation-systems, path-dependency and policy: The co-evolution of science, technology and innovation policy and industrial structure in a small, resource-based economy

This paper analyses the co-evolution of science, technology and innovation policy and industrial structure in a small, resource-based economy (Norway). The contributions of the paper are threefold. First, it develops an evolutionary and historically oriented approach to the study of the development of science, technology and innovation policy based that may have wide applicability. Second, if focuses on a particular type of innovation, innovation in resource-based activities, that differs in many respects from the more commonly studied “high-tech” case and which arguably be of relevance for may present day developing countries. Third, the paper advances our understanding of the roles played by institutions and politics in innovation. Previous work on national systems of innovation has often devoted little attention to these matters, possibly because much of it examines “snapshots” of various innovation systems at a specific point in time and lacks historical depth.

Pioneers, Submariners, or Thicket-builders: Which Firms Use Continuations in Patenting?

The continuations procedure within the U.S. patent system has been criticized for enabling firms to manipulate the patent review process for strategic purposes. Changes during the 1990s in patent procedures affected the incentives of applicants to exploit the continuations process, and additional reforms in continuations currently are being considered. Nonetheless, little is known about applicants' use of the three major types of continuations -- the Continuation Application (CAP), the Continuations-In-Part (CIP), and Divisions -- to alter the term and scope of patents. This paper analyzes patents issued from the three types of continuations to U.S. firms during 1981 - 2004 (with priority years 1981 - 2000), and links their frequency to the characteristics of patents, assignees and industries. We find that CIPs are disproportionately filed by R&D-intensive, small firms that patent heavily, and are more common in chemical and biological technologies. Patents resulting from CIP filings contain more claims and backward citations per patent on average, and cover relatively "valuable" inventions. In contrast, CAPs cover less valuable patents from large, capital-intensive firms that patent intensively, particularly in computer and semiconductor patents. We also analyze the effects of the 1995 change in patent term on continuation applications and find that the Act reduced the use of continuations overall, while shifting the output of CAPs toward "less important" patents.

The Most Effective Teaching Strategies for at Risk Students With Mathematical Learning Disabilities

What are the most effective teaching strategies and assistive technology to support at risk students who have mathematical learning disabilities? This was the question my thesis revolved around. The problems relating to this question are the lack in definitions for at risk as well as mathematical learning disabilities and that there is no research of the overlap of these two populations. To find this overlap, I researched the best strategies for at risk students and the best for students with mathematical disabilities, and I compiled the strategies that overlapped. I thought that since they are effective for both populations, these strategies would be the best for the overlap in populations. My project design is to create a website titled Teaching the ‘Unteachable:’ Tips and Tricks to Best Support and Teach At Risk Students with a Mathematical Learning Disability. My website will educate teachers in each of these populations and the most effective strategies and assistive technology for them

Definition of display/control requirements for assault transport night/adverse weather capability

A Helicopter Night Vision System was developed to improve low-altitude night and/or adverse weather assult transport capabilities. Man-in-the-loop simulation experiments were performed to define the minimum display and control requirements for the assult transport mission and investigate forward looking infrared sensor requirements, along with alternative displays such as panel mounted displays (PMD) helmet mounted displays (HMD), and integrated control display units. Also explored were navigation requirements, pilot/copilot interaction, and overall cockpit arrangement. Pilot use of an HMD and copilot use of a PMD appear as both the preferred and most effective night navigation combination

Dr. Christine Blasey Ford\u27s Life and Impact

This essay focuses on the life, challenges, and impact of psychology professor Dr. Christine Blasey Ford. Dr. Ford’s name first appeared in the media after a leak that exposed the presence of a letter sent to Senator Feinstein informing her that Judge Brett Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her in the summer of 1982. Dr. Ford was motivated to send this letter when she learned that Kavanaugh’s name was listed on the president’s shortlist for the Supreme Court Judge to fill Justice Anthony Kennedy’s seat after his retirement in July of 2018. When Dr. Ford finally decided to tell her story to the public, her whole world changed. She testified in front of the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 27th in 2018, hoping that the allegation would allow for those considering Judge Kavanaugh for the seat in SCOTUS to reevaluate him as a person and a judge, especially during the emergence of the Me Too Movement. Kavanaugh aggressively denied the allegations, stating that he has never done such a thing to Dr. Ford or anyone. Dr. Ford’s bravery would eventually open the door for others who had similar experiences with Kavanaugh to come forward, as well as women around the world who had been withholding their own experiences of sexual assault and abuse. Although Judge Kavanaugh was confirmed to the Supreme Court on October 6th, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford’s courage and honesty will be remembered for years to come

Ethics of CRISPR

Since the early 2000s, scientists have been modifying DNA using CRISPR. Through research into CRISPR, human genomes can also be edited, which allows for scientists to create so-called designer babies . Engineering a human embryo and genome cells, or reproductive cells, is illegal worldwide, but research can be done through engineering of somatic cells, cells that are not reproductive. This conversation about designing a human engages ethical debates and arguments that it is a human rights violation. These arguments and ethical debates revolve around the safety concerns around CRISPR, due to possible adverse effects, concerns about obtaining consent, and discussions about CRISPR being accessible to the wealthy only. There are not only negative things to say about CRISPR. The technology has the ability to completely eradicate many diseases and there are currently many clinical trials researching this. By relating these companies that run clinical trials to laws and regulations, the companies are going to be evaluated by their ethics and exploration into the implications the companies have on human rights will be done. Through further research into CRISPR and how it is used, I will be answering the questions of if genome editing is ethical and violates human rights.https://orb.binghamton.edu/research_days_posters_spring2020/1056/thumbnail.jp